Different Ideas And Thoughts On Child Development

When people see an infant, there are many different ideas and thoughts that swarm into one’s mind. A little girl might be thinking about how cute the baby is and how it would look in her dress up clothes. A teenage boy might be thinking how he never wants one of â€Å"those.† An older man might be thinking about how as the child grows up; his bank account goes down. A woman might be thinking about how beautiful this child is and how he or she is a miracle. After all those thoughts are scraped from the top layer, psychologists, scientists, researchers, and many others force us to look deeper than the baby’s appearance or our personal thoughts. When doing this, one needs to look into child development and the experiences that will shape this child into the person he or she is going to become. From the moment a child is conceived, the world they enter into is playing a role in every aspect of their lives. One-thing children are almost immediately exposed to is music. Music is being played on the car ride home from the hospital, lullabies are sung before a child goes to sleep, and every toy they play with seems to play a different tune with every touch. The songs played may cause the child to dance, laugh, smile, or become sleepy, but music has many more effects than those that can be easily observed. One of the impacts that music has on individuals in general is the improvement in IQ scores. Music has allowed people to receive a higher verbal IQ as well as better visual abilitiesShow MoreRelatedVygotsky And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development Of Thought And Language Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching Delvalle, Ailà ­n Florencia Thought and Language: independent processes. With the passing of time, the development of thought and language has been the object of study for psychologists such as Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. The former drastically influenced the study of thought and speech with his theory of cognitive development and his clinical method. The latter also made his contribution with his sociocultural theory. Although language and thought may be analysed as associate one to theRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 Pagesfor his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrect answers showed the differences, in the way adults and children think. Piaget believed children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all-later learning and knowledge is based. He introduces the term schema, which is a plan a child forms in its brain about an experience. He saidRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1519 Words   |  7 Pageshow the child s mind develops through different forms of stimuli that occur during early childhood. Piaget s theory focuses mainly on things such as; how children think; how the world around them is perceived and how the newly found information is explained through the language they use. Vygotsky s theory however differs as the effects of different forms of social interaction occur in cognitive development such as; internalisation; social interaction the zone of proximal development. The wayRead MoreJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. It was believed by Piaget that these wrong answers showed some very drastic differences between the way children and adults both thought ( McLeod, 2015), this is whereRead MoreThe Sociocultural Theory Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pages The sociocultural theory was developed by a theorist named Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky was born in 1896 and was from the former Soviet Union. He was a psychologist who had an abundance of ideas and put them into many theories and writings. Although Vygotsky died from tuberculosis at the young age of thirty-eight, his most prominent work was done in a short period of ten years. When he died in 1934, the Soviet Union held most of his work and it was not until about 1960 t hat his work was translated intoRead MoreThe Stages Of The Stage Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesbelieve and development their cognitive memory, sadly their thoughts are not really logical but are mainly based on instinct. Advanced concepts are still pretty hard for them to grasp such as time, or being able to compare things to one another. The third stage is the Concrete Operational stage the ages for this stage vary from ages seven to eleven. Piaget believed that the concrete stage is one of the major points in the child’s development, this is the beginning of operational thought (McLeod, 2015)Read MoreThe Components Of The Theory Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages2 Three components of the theory The theory is built around three core components: schemas, equilibrium, assimilation and accommodation, and the different stages of development. Schemas A schema is a description of both the mental and physical actions required in understanding and knowing. It’s a category of knowledge used in interpreting and understanding the world – the building blocks of knowledge. Without them, you would find the world incomprehensible. The world with its things wouldn’tRead MoreJean Piaget s Influence On Children1170 Words   |  5 Pagesto study child development and through observation of his children and other children, he began to form a theory that focuses on the mental structures created to help children adapt to the world. Piaget felt that in order to help children adapt they use schemas. These schemas were used by children to understand and organize different knowledge and distinguish one thing, or group of things from another. After collecting this knowledge Piaget felt that children processed it in two different ways. TheRead MoreThe Importance of Speech, Language, and Communication1007 Words   |  5 Pagesfor children’s overall development. 1.1 Explain each of the terms: 1.1a Speech The word speech when used in relation to children and young people’s development literally means the act of speaking, verbal communication, or to express thoughts, feelings, or ideas. 1.1b Language The term language refers to an understood, systematic arrangement of signs, symbols and gestures used to communicate. 1.1c Communication To communicate is to ably convey thoughts, information or feelingsRead MoreLev Vygotsky s Influence On Development920 Words   |  4 Pageswork concentrated on development psychology with children from an early age. He came from a Jewish family and attended Moscow State University for medical school. After time, he transferred to Law school and got interested in arts to become a literary critic. Then, he became a psychology instructor at a University as his theories came into place. Lev worked on the social structure of cognitive development on children. He mostly focused on how society has an influence on development, developing his social

Java Essay - 1358 Words

6. TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED †¢ JAVA: Java has been tested, refined, extended, and proven by a dedicated community of Java developers, architects and enthusiasts. Java is designed to enable development of portable, high-performance applications for the widest range of computing platforms possible. By making applications available across heterogeneous environments, businesses can provide more services and boost end-user productivity, communication, and collaboration— and dramatically reduce the cost of ownership of both enterprise and consumer applications. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of†¦show more content†¦MYSQL: MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System. MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based software applications. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System. MYSQL Enterprise edition includes the most comprehensive set of advanced features management tools for MYSQL. MYSQL is the worlds most popular open source database. Whether you are a fast-growing web property, technology ISV or large enterprise, MYSQL can cost-effectively help you deliver high performance, scalable database applications MYSQL is popular choice of database for used in web application is a central component of widely used LAMP open source web application software stack. MYSQL Query Analyzer: To optimize performance by visualizing query activity and fixing problem SQL code. SQLite: SQLite is a relational database management system contained in a small (~350 KiB) C programming library. In contrast to other database management systems, SQLite is not a separate process that is accessed from the client application, but an integral part of it. SQLite is ACID-compliantShow MoreRelatedEssay on Java1091 Words   |  5 PagesJava is one of many high-level programming languages that use abstraction (reducing and factoring details) to create software for computers and many other electronic devices. Compared to low-level programming languages, high-level programming languages use a mixture of natural language (any language used by humans) and typical computer terms to create an easier to understand and simpler form of programming. Figures 1 and 2 show the difference in writing a simple program called â€Å"Hello World† inRead MoreEssay on Comparison Of Java, Javascript, Java Applets And Java Beans1821 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of Java, JavaScript, Java Applets and Java Beans Introduction Starting back in the early 1990s with the introduction of Java to the computer scene there has been many updates and advances in how languages interact with web based programs. In this paper we are going to highlight several areas of several different Java flavors. The flavors we are addressing are Java, JavaScript, Java Applets and JavaBeans. We will discuss their history, features, usage and syntax and finally followRead MoreEssay on The Art and Science of Java3918 Words   |  16 Pagesis designed to be independent of the particular characteristics that differentiate computers and to work instead with general algorithmic concepts that can be implemented on any computer system. 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The code skeleton is provided. * Students need to implement rtinit(), rtupdate() and linkhandler(). * printdt() is provided to pretty print a table of the newc costs for reaching * other nodes in the network. */ public class NodeDVR { public final int INFINITY = 9999;Read MoreJava Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesIn the long distant future, in the year 2016, the cable news empire has fallen, and former talking heads have stooped to running for political office. In fact, five former talk show stars are running for President of the United States, and locked in a close race. Your task is to design and implement a set of classes that process a collection of Integer objects, corresponding to votes for each candidate. The integers are stored in a queue by a driver. In particular, the following code must compileRead MoreEssay on Java767 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿In the long distant future, in the year 2016, the cable news empire has fallen, and former talking heads have stooped to running for political office. In fact, five former talk show stars are running for President of the United States, and locked in a close race. Your task is to design and implement a set of classes that process a collection of Integer objects, corresponding to votes for each candidate. The integers are stored in a queue by a driver. In particular, the following code must compileRead Morethe java Essay4111 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Java Software Solutions: Foundations of Program Design, 6e (Lewis/Loftus) Chapter 5 Conditionals and Loops Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The idea that program instructions execute in order (linearly) unless otherwise specified through a conditional statement is known as A) boolean execution B) conditional statements C) try and catch D) sequentiality E) flow of control Answer: E Explanation: E) The flow of control describes the order of execution of instructions. It defaults

A Common Concern Throughout The Victorian Era - 2100 Words

A common concern throughout the Victorian era was the role women maintained and their position in society. It was expected that both males and females conformed to these roles and followed the gender expectations of their society. Bram Stoker s Dracula describes a post dated European setting in which most women are subject to explicit gender roles and stereotypes. The norm in this society is for women to be modest, prim and proper. However, the novel narrates the possibilities of a situation in which women don t conform and thus are scrutinized. Bram Stoker s purpose in Dracula is to express the threat faced by men when encountering women who are in control of their sexuality and the power that is accompanied with that control. This is†¦show more content†¦When the men are reflecting on the woman Lucy used to be, Jack Seward comments that [they] recognized the features of Lucy Westenra. Lucy Westenra, but yet how changed. The sweetness was turned to adamantine, heartless cr uelty, and the purity to voluptuous wantonness (Stoker, 195). Seward uses very different extreme words to contrast Lucy s character before and after her transition. The words sweetness and purity are associated with the once pure, modest Lucy and the terms adamantine, heartless cruelty and voluptuous wantonness are associated with the new, profoundly sexual Lucy. Seward s descriptions of Lucy indicate that the men are concerned because she too was sexually expressive and that poses a threat to the patriarchal beliefs and values that were set in stone in this era. The author also uses repetition of Lucy s name, Lucy Westenra emphasizing that while the name is still the same, everything else about her is completely different. It is evident that Seward, along with other men are more inclined to perceive modest women more positively than women who are not. As a result of adversely characterized women, Stoker is able to use juxtaposition to convey how men feel about women and their sexu alities. Bram Stoker uses this element of form when Jonathan comes across the beautiful women in the forbidden section of the castle. Jonathan says I am alone in the castle

My Mother said I never should Essay Example For Students

My Mother said I never should Essay All actors portrayed totally different characters, all of which superb and unique. My favourite was Alex. Her role was quite simple, there was no real stereotype she could follow yet the depth of Alex and her problems she held within her made me have empathy for her. The actions were kept to a minimal but the facial expressions showed exactly what Alex was thinking and feeling. I could tell from the start that she loved her mother but didnt have the means, time or patience to look after her and that she thought her mother would be better off somewhere that she could be look ed after properly. The characters naivety of falling in love with a married man and thinking he would leave his wife was a shock because the character seemed as though she was intelligent and level headed enough to listen to her brain. So I thought this was especially good. I also liked the end where she exploded up at the rest of them. It left me speechless, as I wasnt expecting her to do that. I felt mortified for Alex because her world had been turned upside down. I picked this actress because although she wasnt the most noticeable, the complexity of the character was shown throughout and she took me through so many emotions. COMPARISONS:  THE RESPONSE PHASE (summary of work) 1. Investigating the title: My Mother said I never should we looked at the nursery rhyme. I knew gypsies were once tarnished with the same brush as paedophiles. So my group and me explored this and made a short piece showing children listening to their mother and not going off with the strange man wanting to take them away.  2. We got into pairs and noted down the structure of the play. We wrote down the waste ground scenes separately. We briefly explained what happened in each scene. We discovered the nature of the play was episodic, as the plot unfolded. The waste ground scenes reinforced this and the themes. There were references to symbolism and Brecht. 3. We researched, in groups, either set or costume, I chose costume. We looked at the play to find the ages of the 4 children when they first appeared in the play and the time periods. We looked at typical clothing from the time periods relevant and matched it to the description of the characters clothing. We drew models of each character, fully clothed, and wrote notes of each part of the costume. 4. I worked with Danielle, David and Lauren. We investigated act 1, scene 1 to develop the 4 characters. We then made a performance to the group and were hot-seated in role. I feel we spent too much time talking and failed to get into the characters properly by developing them through acting. I prepared for the hot seating which helped me, but I found it hard to come up with things to say and remain in role.  Here we used hot-seating to try and get some depth of character, role-play so we would really feel and act how the character would, and marking the moment with thought tracking to understand what the character thinks behind the physicality of human contact 5. We used a stimulus (ring-a-ring-a-roses poem) to make a short piece. We decided we were going to do our piece based around World War 2. We used various drama techniques including marking the moment, mime, tableau and thought tracking I played a little girl at the end and I had a monologue to perform. I wrote it myself and I thought it was really good. I tried to put feeling into it and thought how I would feel if Id lost my father.  We used various drama techniques including tableau, thought tracking, role-play, crosscutting, and marking the moment. These helped to link in the plot and create an atmosphere. We told the story of what happened in the war and the effects on the families who lost loved once. .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .postImageUrl , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:hover , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:visited , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:active { border:0!important; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:active , .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284 .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u645d61fced5ed473c621ed676ec8d284:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal cruelty Essay6. I worked with Hailey, Lisa and Danielle. We explored act 3 scene 1 so to establish Doris and Margarets relationship, jealousy and the underlying secrets of what they say and what they actually mean. We used thought tracking to develop the subtext of their conversations and to understand the character better and their feelings towards one another. We found they avoided talking to each other about whats really going on in their lives. Our thought tracking was rather powerful at the end because the last lines of speech were said with the thought tracking. We felt it was the only part in the scene where the characters were saying what they meant so the t houghts said it as well to emphasize this. That was my idea and I was shocked at how well it came across. 7. We went to see the play In flame which I really enjoyed. It helped me with the My mother said work. It also gave us something to compare in the evaluation. They used many interesting techniques.  8. I worked with Danielle, Emma and Laura. Mrs Chicken put us into groups and gave us each a monologue, mine had Jackies. We had to highlight the underlying thoughts and reasons behind Jackie giving up Rosie to Margaret and how she really felt about doing it.  We used thought-tracking to get to Jackies true feelings and tableaus to capture the main points where Jackie was finding it tough to bring up Rosie and the events that lead up to her giving her away. Emma read out the monologue and the rest of us acted out the sub-texts. I think I worked well with these people and I enjoyed the assessment. My ideas flowed easily. 9. The teacher lead a discussion about the last waste ground scene and its connections with the scenes before and after it. We found that the first waste ground scene showed Jackie being the boss but in the last one shes by herself and we realised that it coincided with the normal scenes because Jackie was out of the picture at the end of the play.  10. I worked with Emma, Lisa, Lauren and Laura. We used the idea of solitaire at the end of the play and the key texts from act 3 scene 7, to illustrate Keatleys idea that a mother urges her child onwards to success and the child progresses a step further from their mother. We wanted to show the progression of the 4 characters from their mothers with Rosie being the most developed. We played the characters as solitaire pieces and the characters stepped over their mothers to show the gradual progression. We left Rosie to win and interlinked the people actually playing solitaire and winning with her character. We played the final scene at the end because in it Rosie is trying to figure out the secret to solitaire and, as we wanted to show Rosie figuring out how to be the most successful and beating everyone else in life and in the game. (I.e. becoming the winner).

Prestige telephone compny free essay sample

Prestige Data Services is a subsidiary of Prestige Telephone Company, designed to perform data processing for the telephone company and selling computer services to other organizations. The subsidiary started operations in 1995 and has yet to experience a profitable month. Worse, its income was low enough to necessitate a report to shareholders by the end of 1996. Although Rowe was discouraged by results to date, he was reluctant to suggest to Bradley that Prestige Data Services be closed down or sold. Additionally, Rowe was unsure that the accounting reports really revealed the contribution the Data Services was making to Prestige Telephone and also the accounting for separate activities may obscure the costs and benefits they provided. Using the exhibits provided (Exhibit 1 and 2), analysis was made to determine whether Prestige Data Services should be shutdown, or to be allowed more time to demonstrate its profitability. 3. 0 4. 0 QUESTIONS 5. 0 Question 1: Appraise the results of operations of Prestige Data Services. We will write a custom essay sample on Prestige telephone compny or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Is the subsidiary really a problem to Prestige Telephone Company? Consider carefully the differences between reported ciosts and costs relevant for decisions that Daniel Rowe is considering. 6. 0 1)The first thing we noticed is that fixed and variable costs are included in the report. However, variable costs are the only costs that should be considered when makingdecisions. It is also important to look at the opportunity cost of the leases for thecomputer equipment, which had four years left and are noncancelable. The purpose of thecompany was to provide a step towards deregulation and would decrease the need for arate increase. Also if they shut down Data Services they would have to pay an outsidecompany to provide this service to Prestige Telephone Company along with lose therevenue from the commercial sales. In regards to the space that Prestige Data uses, theycould potentially rent the out the space to an outside company. There would also be a benefit to laying the personnel off and not having to pay those wages and salaries. However, we came to the conclusion that Prestige Data Services is more of a benefit thanRowe initially thought and should be given more time to show its contribution. 7. Assuming the company demand for service will average 205 hours per month, what level of commercial sales of computer use would be necessary to break even each month. 8. 0 Solution: 9. 0 In order to determine the level of commercial sales of computer use necessary to break even, fixed and variable costs must first be determined. In this case, the variable costs include power, part of operations wage, and materials: 10. 0 Calculating the Variable Cost Behavior Pattern via the High-low Method: 11. 0 Variable Rate = 12. 0 High cost – Low cost 13. 0 14. 0 High activity – Low activity We will assume that $15,000 reimbursement for corporate services provided by Prestige to its subsidiary can be reasonable estimate of the long run consumption of administration resources by Prestige Data Service. 23. 0 24. 0 The total relevant monthly fixed costs for the subsidiary are: 25. 0 Space costs + Computer leases + Maintenance + Depreciation + Fixed portion of the power + Fixed portion of the operations wages + Systems Dev. Maintenance salaries + Administration salaries + Sales salaries + Sales promotion expenses + Corporate services 26. 0 $(9,240 + 95,000 + 5,400 + 26,180 + 109. Thus, the income will be higher if the 138 operations hours are retained. 168. 0 169. 0 Question 4: Can you suggest changes in the accounting and reporting system now used for operations of Prestige Data Services which would result in more useful information for Rowe and Bradley? 170. 0 171. 0 172. 0 REFERENCES: 173. 0 Haider, I. (2004). Prestige Telephone Company – AIM4343 [Online], Available from: http://www. academia. edu/4007644/Prestige-4343-additional_notes_2_ [Accessed on 21 March 2014] 174. 0 Putra Business School. (2013). Accounting for Decision Making. McGraw-Hill Education, Singapore, p. 427. 175. 0

Mentoring Roles in Leadership Development free essay sample

Introduction Leaders are considered as the significant aspect in communities or organizations. The impact of leaders can lead organizations to the success or adversely to the failure in achieving their goals. Many perspectives on this theme had created comprehensive understanding and may be used in many different contexts. The meaning of leader and leadership and other debatable issues associated in its construct should be understood in its context and perspective. Definition of leadership in this topic will focus on knowledge, skills, abilities and traits of the leader in the process of influencing other people or followers to do what the leader want. This definition is proposed by Barker (1997) in possibilities of leadership training which define leadership and management in the same way. To focus on the leadership as a management function is more rationalistic but it is more possible to adapt in organizational practices. In their act to lead or their behaviors to influence other people in organization, leaders have their own values and styles which are different from one another and to be owned originally. We will write a custom essay sample on Mentoring Roles in Leadership Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These values and styles are shaped by many factors along developmental process. In the process to become a leader, a person is influenced by many agencies, i. e. : parents, families, friends, colleges, educations, experiences, etc. Those agencies interact in complicated ways and shape leadership values and styles. One important agency is mentor which is a person who plays a role as guru, coach, model in the process of learning become leaders. Mentor-protege existence is recorded since the old history and has varied interpretations in its practices. However, mentor-protege relationship is proved as a useful method for leaders to develop their leadership role. Mentoring as a means in organization has attracted many researches to study its role and dynamic since it is used to increase personal ability and in the end is hoped can give optimum benefits to organizations. There are many views about the role of mentoring in organizations based on the findings. Even though there are skeptical views about the role of mentoring in organization, I believe that mentoring in a broad definition is a very useful method and should be implemented properly to get its benefits. In the effort to get the clearer insight about mentor-protege phenomena, I will begin with explaining mentor and protege definition, aspects involved in the relationship, benefits of mentor-protege relationship, barrier of a successful relationship, other effects in relationship,and model in mentorship. In the last part, I try to look out relevancy of mentoring in the current organizational context. Definition of Mentorship To have comprehensive understanding about mentor we need to know the root of its word and how this term uses in many fields. There are many definition and debatable issues associated in this definition. However, I suggest to give the meaning of mentor-protege based on its root in mythology. History of Mentor The concept of mentoring can be traced from Greek mythology. In Odyssey of Odysseus, Mentor was the faithful companion of Odysseus, King of Ithaca who took an important role for Telemachus, Odysseus’s son, when the King went off to the Trojan wars. Mentor’s duty was to raise Telemachus and prepare him as the successor of Odyssey. According to Samier (2000,p. 85), based on Odyssey story, there are three fundamental roles in mentoring: guardian, guide, and counselor. While Carruthers (1993,p. 9) explain that in this story, Mentor had a role as a father figure, a teacher, a role model, an approachable counsellor, a trusted adviser, a challenger, an encourager to Telemachus. Carruthers also add the figure with Athene, also from Greek mythology, who sometimes is assumed the form of mentor and acted as mother figure and wisdom. On the other hand, protective aspect of the role Mentor has raised the word â€Å"protege†, come from French verb, proteger means to protect. This word is used to a person who receives mentor interest. Mentor-protege relationships have become a pattern of learning or play a significant factor in development of successful persons along centuries. Head and Gray gave a list of famous persons with mentor-protege relationship from Sir Thomas More until Michael Jackson (Carruthers,1993). This role of Mentor to help Odyssey’s successor in his developmental phase is used in many fields and sometimes in very simple ways. In this discussion, we focus on leadership in organization that needs understanding in integration of intellectual and emotional capabilities of individual. Mentor Concept Although the concept of mentor is real along history and seems simple and easy to understand, in the process of determine a definition, there are many varied views come from many authors. Carruthers(1993) explained a range of definition, from brief definition in Webster Universal Dictionary, ‘mentor is counsellor, wise and prudent adviser’ and Carmin’s comprehensive definition of mentor, ‘mentoring is a complex, interactive process occurring between individuals of differing levels of experience and expertise which incorporates interpersonal or psychosocial development, career and/or educational development, and socialization functions into the relationship. To have a guide for this ‘mentor’ term, Carruthers(1993) proposed that most mentor interpretations can be devided into two categories: the first is which emphasise the professional development only, the second is which emphasise professional and personal development of the protege. In other field, term of mentor also used broadly and there are many debatable issues associated with mentor activity. Wood (1997,p.27) explain mentor happened in Mentor story is the idea of a senior or older person who pay attention to a younger person and acting as an advisor and guide. She also claims that the idea of mentoring in the business world is happened when a junior employee assigned a more senior adviser to help them develop their career. Samier (2000) states that values and interpretations of mentorship are depend on one’s disposition in humanistic or positivistic direction. In his view, mentorship program can be seen as a reaction to the negative effect of modernization which produces alienation in social relation. To study mentoring, it will need phenomenological and hermeneutic perspectives because the subject is interpersonal relationship in professional development which is subjective, symbolic and context-dependent experiences. Mentorship also is seen as a means of addressing equity problems by supporting women and minorities. His view of practical use of mentoring also found in organization, to be function as an innovative means of supporting conventional organizational goals and practices by offering a technique for coping with change. Aspects involved in Mentor Concept Samier (2000,p. 85) state that to construct a comprehensive and clear conceptual framework of mentoring, we need to look its role definition, characteristic of actors, character of relationship and typical phases/stages. These mentoring criteria consist of: Mentoring is a multifaceted and complex role consisting of interventionist, training, and supportive activities; mentors are older, more senior, and at the same workplace or in the same profession; the relationship is personally and affectively grounded, and governed by ethical requirements of voluntarism and mutuality, therefore not reducible to quantifiable measures; and it is a relationship which requires a minimum of two years, and in most cases three to five years, evolve. To fulfill their roles as mentor and protege, there are a number criteria or qualifying characteristics which organized by Samier(2000,p. 88) into organizational status, professional and personal qualities. In organizational status, according to Missirians’s study (1982, in Samier, 2000) mentors are seen as brilliant, charismatic,physically attractive, boundlessly energetic, innovative, and inspiring. While in professional qualities, mentors are seen have the ability to evaluate and apply technical knowledge and skill to the setting through divergent thinking (Schon,in Samier,2000). Come to personal qualities, it is include a broad range of intellectual, social and emotional traits. Anderson and Shannon (1988 in Samier,2000) propose essential dispositions in mentoring which are opening to their protege, leading incrementally and to show that care and concern to personal and professional welfare. On the other hand, proteges must be able to understand and accept their mentors in emotional, intellectual and social ways. Zey (1984 in Samier,2000) identified qualities of proteges that attract mentor which are competence, a desire to learn, initiative,intelligence, ambition, desire and ability to accept power and risk, loyalty, ability to establish alliances, and organizational savvy. Character of the relationship in mentor-protege relationship is perceived as a private, dynamic and mutually transformative relationship which is showed by trust of each other. (Samier,2000). Those Samier’s conceptual framework of Mentor is proposed to give a guidance to understan d mentorship and how to adopt it in organizational strategy. Functions of mentoring relationship as propose by Ragins(1989,p. 2), explain aspects which are training and inside information on the organization and its political function, role of mentor as a counselor, friend, role model and coach, and buffer between organization by running interference for the protege and providing special access to information, contacts and resources. Benefits of Mentor-protege Relationship Considering its broad impact, mentor is hoped to assist his protege in professional and personal development. As defined by Philips-Jones in Carruthers (1997), ‘mentors are influential people who significantly help you to reach your major life goals’. Whitely (1993) finding in his study that career mentoring is particularly related to early career promotion histories, to general work satisfaction and career satisfaction. Bolam,McMahon,Pocklington Weindling (1995) report their study on a national pilot scheme for mentoring new headteachers in England and Wales. The result of this study, the proteges mentioned benefits: help with problems, help to give meaning in their new position, reduce the isolation, obtaining another perspective and improving self confidence. On the other hand, mentors also mentioned benefits they get from relationship which are extending their professional experience, encouraging them to engage in reflective self-analysis, experience of sharing and helping others, acting as a sounding board, hearing alternative views about professional issues. Other view which emphasise the importance of relationship is come from Kram Isabella (1985). They stated that both parties involved in mentor-protege benefit from the relationship. In the process of mentoring, mentors provide young adult with career-enhancing function and psychosocial support while gain technical and psychological support, gain internal satisfaction and respect from colleagues. From a number of functions in mentoring relationship, proteges gain upward mobility in organization. Thus, mentoring relationships have been found as a significant factors in career development, organizational success and career satisfaction (Ragins,1989). Alleman (in Carruthers, 1993) identified organizational benefits from mentor-proteges relationship which are increased productivity by both partners, better assessments, improved management and technical skills, discovered latent talent, refined leadership qualities, improved performance, and better recruitment and retention of skilled staff. Clearly, benefits in mentor-proteges relationship in organizational context have a strong association in leadership. First, from proteges point of view, to experience guidance from their mentor has given them insight to behave properly or to use appropriate leadership style in many situation. It is integrated in their developmental process to gain heir own identity as a leader. Secondly, from mentors point of view, the relationship also add their capabilities as leaders, in this case their ability to develop other people. Other Effects in Relationship Meanwhile, on individual levels mentor-proteges relationship also becomes sources of tension and conflict. Braun (1990 in Samier 2000) states that these tension and conflict vary from peers feeling that the protege has acquired illegitimate advantage, to colleagues not approving of the mentor’s choice in protege, to colleagues and significant others in both the mentor and protege’s lives becoming suspicious in gender different pairing. Beside those inter personal conflict between mentor or protege and people around them, proteges should experience social and professional isolation because special assignments and extra works from those relationship (Missirian,1982 in Samier,2000). Carruters (1993) describes disadvantages in mentor-protege relationship: elitism or jealousy in mentor and protege peers, the Matthew effect which is increases the existing gap, the Salieri phenomenon when a mentor prevents his protege’s outstanding work, spouse jealousy especially if it is involved different gender, and mentor can perceived his protege as a professional threat. Baum (1992) who examined the literature on mentoring from psychoanalytic perspective, state that proteges and mentors also bring fantastic meaning unconsciously. In his view, proteges transfer their affection and identify with mentors. In my opinion, this transfer is one of failure in mentoring process because its not reach self autonomy of proteges but otherwise let proteges in dependent relationship with their mentor. Actually, those disadvantages could be diminished with cautious preparation to its model or the way mentoring program is conducted. Barriers in Mentor-protege Relationship Despite of its promising benefits, there are several factors in mentor-protege relationship that inhibit the process of successful relationship. Samier (2000) suggest that context on organizational level which are culture, systems, size and structure may not be conducive to mentoring. It says that bureaucratic environment often cause mentors and proteges have to engage in covert activities. Zey (1984 in Samier, 2000) found problems in a mentor-protege program which is not explain the purpose to mentors, different view of corporate culture, participants are coerced, poor evaluation process, inadequate contact with mentors and lack of choice in selecting mentors. Mentor-protege relationship is time and energy consuming. It is understandable to find failure in mentoring programs because the lack of support for this program. However, to take this failure as the reason for justify unimportance of the program is immature. Model for Mentorship Program Samier (2000) proposed comprehensive model in planned mentorship program derived from Andrew(1986), Zey(1984), and Murray (1991) which are: Establish clear goals and a program design which meets existing organizational and training and development needs, including staffing plans to absorb graduates; establish criteria and a process for selecting mentors and proteges; advertise, solicit participation, and screen applicants plus enlist cooperation of entire organization; provide initial orientation and ensure commitment; monitor, counsel and assist during mentoring and evaluate the outcomes of the program and provide information for adjustment. Considering a model for mentor-protege program, Carruthers(1993) stated that mentoring as a dynamic process needs to try and fit many different ways. In his view, mentoring may summarized as follows: Mutual choice is advocated; the relationship extends beyond professional interest; there is no evidence of threat, there is mutual need; there is little evidence in the literature that mentoring has disadvantage for the proteges; there is evidence of affection and trust. Model is important to give the rough way how mentoring program should be implemented. As we realize its multifaceted, mentor concept needs to be clearly understood before it take into practice. Mentoring in the Changing Organization Since its practice as a learning process for leadership preparation in Greek mythology until its practical use in human resources management in organization, mentor concept is still relevant to be implemented as organizational tools. However, we should consider other factor such us organizational changing to implement it properly in many different situation. Kram Higgins (2002) proposed that there are four significant changes in nature of career: â€Å"boundaryless† model of work environment, changing nature of technology, organizational structures and membership. Those changes have changed the nature of mentoring relationships today and particularly emerge increasing variance from which individuals get mentoring support. Also in the same point of view, Kram Isabella (1985) started to give alternatives for mentoring with peer relationship, and Keele (1986) proposed networking. Those alternatives and awareness of changing environment in organisation should be considered as enrichment in understanding mentorship role in the process of leadership learning. Conclusion Mentoring as a means in organization has attracted many researches to study its role and dynamic since it is used to increase personal ability and in the end is hoped can give optimum benefits to organizations. There are many views about the role of mentoring in organizations based on the findings. Based on its function, mentor still play a crucial role in the process becoming a leader. There are functions played by mentor-protege relationship which give meaningful progress in individual development. In this relationship, interpersonal or psychosocial development, career and/or educational development happened as the result of interactive process between mentor and protege. Benefits in mentor-proteges relationship in organizational context have a strong association in leadership. First, from proteges point of view, to experience guidance from their mentor has given them insight to behave properly or to use appropriate leadership style in many situation. It is integrated in their developmental process to gain heir own identity as a leader. Secondly, from mentors point of view, the relationship also add their capabilities as leaders, in this case their ability to develop other people. All those benefits emphasize the role of mentoring in leadership which is taking a central role to direct the organization into its success. Mentor program as one of organizations effort to adapt this relationship pattern to maximize personnel development in leadership learning should be implemented carefully. Those to be concerned are: conceptual framework of mentoring, where we need to look its role definition, characteristic of actors, character of relationship and typical phases/stages. Besides that administrator or actors in mentoring program should pay attention to potential effect in relationship and barriers in successful mentoring relationship.

How to Prepare Sample Gmat Essay Questions

How to Prepare Sample Gmat Essay QuestionsSample gmat essay questions are not an easy task to do. There are a number of things that you need to consider while preparing the questions. What is it about?As stated above, a question for a great study is usually designed by a teacher consultant who is closely associated with the university. They are of use to the students when the exam is being graded because they contain a great deal of information that will be useful for solving the most challenging problems in the course. Before going ahead and drafting a question, you have to understand that some questions might have some easy sections which have to be analyzed carefully before answering the questions correctly. The writer should try to think of an easy section as he or she prepares the sample gmat essay questions.When preparing sample gmat essay questions, the writer should always keep in mind the kind of questions that the students were expected to answer in the class, what was aske d by the professor and whether the answer would help him to answer the most difficult questions or not. For instance, if the professor asked the students to prepare a sample for her question, the easy and simple questions might not be required.Some students will find it easier to prepare sample gmat essay questions that are not very difficult. Thus, in order to prepare this kind of question, you will have to examine the basic course material carefully and try to find an easy question, which is difficult but not impossible to solve.In addition, many questions require quite a lot of detailed answers, so it is wise to focus on the gist of the question and the format that are used in the question. A question with a basic structure and a format in which all of the information that needs to be presented in one single line is usually easy to answer.The original information can betaken from any of the readings that you have made during the semester. If the student has not read any of the sp ecific course materials before hand, it is wise to look for other sources of data and then compile them together into a cohesive whole.It is also advisable to look for the answers to the sample question using the information gathered from the previous years, and analyze it very carefully. This way, you will be able to answer the questions successfully.