The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Buying Behavior Essay The crescendo of celebrities endorsing brands has been steadily increasing over the past 20 years or so. Marketers overtly acknowledge the power of celebrity in influencing buyers purchase decision. They have firm believe that likeability or a favorable attitude towards a brand is created by the use of a celebrity. The crore of rupees spent per year on celebrity endorsement contracts show that celebrities like Amitabh Bachchan, Sharukh khan and Sachin Tendulkar play an important role for the advertising industry. It is an established fact that celebrity endorsement can bestow unique features or special attributes upon a product that it may have lacked otherwise. In India from late 1970s and early 80s the new trend in advertising started. Brands started being endorsed by celebrities. Hindi film and TV stars as well as sportspersons were roped in to endorse prominent brands. Advertisements featuring stars like Late Jalal Agha (Pan Parag), Tabassum (Prestige cookers), Sunil Gavaskar for Dinesh Suiting, Ravi Shastri and Vivian Richards (Vimal), Persis Khambhata and Kapil Dev (Palmolive Shaving cream) became common . Though marketers should remember that celebrities are mere living beings like us and if they can highlight the benefits or advantages of a brand they can also have some uncanny negative impact. Theory and practice suggests that the use of stars and their unleashing power in advertising generate a lot of publicity and attention from the public but the underline questions are, do these stars really help a brand by increasing its sales? On the other hand, can they really have an Impact on the persons consumption pattern, thereby changing his brand preference? How an advertisement featuring a celebrity can influence consumers buying decision and can create an association between a brand and a common man. To answer these questions, the article will examine the relationship between celebrity endorsements and brands, and the impact of celebrity endorsement on consumers buying behaviour as well as how consumer makes brand preferences. We will apply a wide range of accepted principles of how consumers brand attitudes and preferences can be influenced, how buyers behavior can be influenced, how buyers behavior can be molded. We will use the principles of credibility of source and attractiveness, the match-up hypothesis, the consumer decision-making model and the communication model to understand this phenomenon. Brand- A layman  perspective Brand is the proprietary visual, emotional, rational and cultural image that you can associate with a company or the product. Few examples will bring home the meaning i.e. Amul utterly butterly delicious; Coke – thanda matlab coca-cola; Pepsi – Yeh dil mange more; Kurkure- Masti bole to kurkure and Daewoo ka India. These examples convey one message that when people watch advertisement a connect is being created and result is that people go for experience of buying. People feel by using the brand they will portray certain traits or characteristics that otherwise they do not have. This generates a certain level of emotional affiliation and a sense of fulfillment. It is this emotional relationship with brands that make them so powerful. Advertisements enforces what exactly the brand stands for and what to expect by its consumption and above all what factors, features and attributes makes it better from competition. Advertisements along with other marketing efforts generate expectations and feelings in a customer and force them to think when they see or hear the brand name. This Thinking process and emotional bonding gets more mature and relevant when a celebrity endorses the brand. The subjective intangible feelings of a customer become objective and tangible in the form of celebrity and the level of expectations will rise. The customer will start to perceive himself in the reference frame of the celebrity after the brand or the advertised product has been purchased or consumed by him. Celebrity and a Brand Star power in India can be gauged by the successful endorsements done by Sharukh Khan (Pepsi, Hyundai Santro, Sunfeast, and Navratan etc.), Amitabh Bachchan, Sachin Tendulkar, Rahul Dravid, Hrithik Roshan and the others. The inevitable question is, if and how the lively interest of the public in the rich and famous can be efficiently and effectively used by companies to promote their brands and consequently to increase their sales revenues. This fact can be brought out by using certain examples i.e. Mr. Amitabh Bachchan promoting Cadbury chocolates after the fiasco of infestation when the image of Cadbury India went very low in the eyes of people. Soon the company found a perfect fit and a reliable celebrity to transmit the correct message and help regenerating the lost trust. The fit between the product and celebrity  is evident as Mr. Bachchan and Cadbury chocolates both have tested troubled times and still they stand tall and the love and trust they both share with the people al l across India. This is a live example of how a celebrity brought certain attributes to a product like chocolate. Actor Sharukh khan has also endorsed diversified products. His endorsement basket is ranging from Hyundai Santro to Sunfeast biscuits on one hand and from Compaq computers to Videocon electronics on the other. According to Advertising research companies both the actors are doing well and the ad spent on both by the companies is increasing at a phenomenal rate, so does their basket of endorsements. These actors bring reliability and trust in the brand and above all, they help in increasing the sales revenues. Celebrity endorsements are powerful, has become evident from the above two examples but, why is it so? This power is offered by the following elements, which also creates a Top of the Mind Position. * Instant Awareness, knowledge about the brand and easy recall. * Values and image of the brand is defined, highlighted and refreshed by the celebrity. * The celebrity adds new edge and dimension to the brand. * Credibility, trust, association, aspiration and connectivity to brand. * Belief in efficiency and new appearance that will result in at least trial usage. Understanding Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It blends elements from psychology, sociology, sociopsychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision-making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand peoples wants. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from groups such as family, friends, reference groups, and society in general. The study and knowledge of consumer behavior helps firms and organizations to improve their marketing strategies and product offerings. Following are the important issues that have significant influence on consumers psyche  and their ability to take decisions: †¢ The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g., brands, products); †¢ The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g., culture, family, signs, media); †¢ The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; †¢ Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; †¢ How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and †¢ How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. †¢ Their Age, Religion, Culture, Income, informal group and Referent Group. Understanding these issues helps us adapt our strategies by taking the consumer into consideration. Traditional Factors affecting consumer decision making There are several factors that affect consumers decision to purchase a brand and a product. These factors though at time are not very much visible but they make an impact and affects sales of a product or brand up to a great extent. The table below shows some of these factors. Impact of a Brand on consumer purchase decision Research studies have proven that known products and names are sold more than unknown ones. Therefore, a known brand or an optimally exposed brand will find more recognition and buyers in the market in comparison to completely unknown or unexposed brand. Recognition of brand and its significance along with the traditional factors plays a very significant role in consumer decision-making process. More or less every consumer has a brand preference and given the affordability and societal norms, each buyer would like to buy and consume one of the highly acceptable, recognizable, and reputed brands. The above given model explains the important role that a brand plays in three different stages of consumers purchase decision making. A consumer start collecting data or information about his favourite brand than he keeps his favourite as one of the alternatives and he evaluate his selected brand against all available options and on finding it suitable or best among all options based upon a qualitative and quantitative evaluation he will ultimately purchase the selected or favourite brand. The diagram above explains how various traditional factors along with brand preference interact during purchase decision process and finally results into a consumers final product choice or ultimate purchase. Celebrity and a brand Surveys suggest that compared to any other types of endorsers, famous people achieve a higher degree of attention and recall. They increase awareness of a companys advertising as well as help in retention of message in the psyche of the audience. They can also help the company in reducing their expenditure on Media and other forms of publicity. An example will bring more clarity, When S Kumars, a known textile brand entered into readymade garments business they used Hrithik Roshan, then the hottest advertising icon for their launch advertising for TAMARIND, now one of the premium readymade brands. They reckoned that they have spent 40-50 percent less on media due to sheer impact of using hottest star like Hrithik. The Ad recall was as high as 70 percent and the campaign can be termed as a great success. Celebrities also create positive feelings towards brands, connect user to brand and are perceived by consumers as more entertaining. Using a celebrity in advertising or for any, other type of communication for brand building is likely to positively affect consumers brand preference, brand attitude, brand association and purchase intentions. To ensure positive results, however, it is critical for advertisers to have a clear understanding of consumers reactions and reinforcement of celebrity endorsement. The impact of celebrity endorsement on any brand as well as on consumers purchase decision is very critical. Source Credibility Central goal of advertising is the convincing of consumers and persuasion to purchase, the ultimate objective, though not openly spoken, is to some how attract consumers to the market offering of the company, generating positive attitude, reinforce positive association and ultimately to generate sales,  may be a trial purchase. At later stages, the sponsor may work towards creating a brand loyalty but generating initial sales or increasing the existing sales is the primary objective. In this respect, the credibility of an endorser along with advertisement plays an important role in convincing the target audience of the attractiveness of the companys brand and generates sales. Pursuing a celebrity endorsement strategy enables advertisers to project a credible image in terms of expertise, persuasiveness, trustworthiness, and objectiveness. To create effective messages, celebrity advertisers also have to consider the attractiveness of the spokesperson. Source attractiveness refers to the endorsers Physical appearance, Personality, Likeability and Similarity to the receiver, thus to the perceived social value of the source. This behavior mainly goes back to halo effect, whereby persons who perform well on one dimension example: physical attractiveness or top professional performance, social status are assumed to excel on other levels as well i.e. happiness and coolness. This is evident from the use of Fardeen Khan, modern, dynamic, outgoing and smart personality for Provogue; he translates the modernism of the brand well. Titan uses Aamir Khan in his different avatars for communicating to the public that their watches are as reliable and passionate as Aamir is for films. Both Fardeen and Aamir carry the message well and enhance the credibility of the brand they endorse. Establishing a Perfect Match Research proves that a spokesperson especially for a service product or organization (ICICI- First Amitabh Bachchan, now Shahrukh Khan) interacts with the type of brand being advertised. These stars communicate the value of the product and transform an ordinary service into a miracle solution for all problems of an ordinary customer. According to Friedman and Friedman (1979), a famous relative to a normal spokesperson is more effective for products high in psychological or social risk, involving such elements as good taste, self-image, and opinion of others. Several research studies have examined the congruency between celebrity endorsers and brands to explain the effectiveness of using famous persons to promote brands. In India, a brand called Reid Taylor presented its perfect example when they first launched their advertising campaign featuring James Bond fame of the time Mr. Pierce Brosnan along with the tagline BOND WITH THE BEST but the James  Bond idea did not worked and the company was not happy with the results. After the debacle of the first campaign, company introduced a family ad where children are celebrating there parents silver wedding anniversary and they are out with their father to purchase a suit for him. Even this commercial did not work and it was taken off the air. As a last resort, company introduced Mr. Amitabh Bachchan as Reid Taylor man, a man propagating the brand for special occasion and for very special people in life. The commercial from the initial days got good response and did extremely well as people were able to connect with Mr. Bachchan and the values he was propagating. For the masses, there was a perfect match of an ideal Indian family man, a star and a good quality but bit highly priced brand reserved especially for special occasions and for very special people. Second example that can be quoted is of Vishwanathan Anand, who endorsed NIIT. NIIT adopted a very smart strategy by roping in Vishwanathan Anand an international chess wizard for their advertising campaign. As chess is considered to be a game full of strategies and a game for smart people and when one of the greats of the game is asking people to join NIIT it was suppose to have a positive influence on the people and actually it had. There was complete congruency and compatibility between the celebrity endorser, the product and the message. Contrary to only favorable outcomes, there are several examples where the product, even the entire campaign collapsed due to heavy weight celebrity as the agency or the ad failed to establish the relationship between the endorser and the product. Keeping the focus only on success, where the product and the celebrity were a perfect match, following are few examples: Celebrity Endorser Company / Product Amitabh Bachchan * Dabur * Cadbury * Reid and Taylor * Parker Shahrukh Khan * Santro * Videocon * Sunfeast * Pepsi Juhi Chawala * Kurkure Ustad Zakir Hussain * Taj mahal tea Aamir Khan * Titan * Coke * Toyota Innova Aishwarya Rai * Nakshatra * Lux Rani Mukherjee * Fanta * Nestle Munch Kajol and Ajay Devgan * Whirlpool * Tata Indicom The campaigns are not only basking with the glory of success stories, but there is considerable number of failures as well. Assuming that a person just have to be famous to represent a successful brand, however, would be incorrect and may turn out to be a very dangerous preposition resulting into a big calamity for the entire advertising campaign or the brand. Very well accepted and attractive super stars like Abhishek Bachchan and Amitabh Bachchan failed in turning their endorsements into success i.e. Maruti Versa similarly Virendra Sehwag also failed to deliver Reliance Telecommunication with the master stroke of his cricketing genius. Among the possible reasons identified by several authors, including overexposure and identification, the match-up hypothesis specifically suggests that the effectiveness depends on the existence of a fit between the celebrity spokesperson and endorsed brand. Empirical work on the congruency of brand with the celebrity often has concentrated on the physical attractiveness of the endorser. Results show that an attractive spokespersons are more effective in terms of attitude change when prompting brands that enhance ones attractiveness i.e. cosmetics; health drinks or fashion wear. Primary data states, for celebrity spokespersons to be truly effective, they should be knowledgeable, experienced, mature, and a bench mark in their respective field and qualified to talk about the product. Transferring the Meaning After watching an advertisement the consumers try to find the meaning of the advertisement and associate the same with the endorser and eventually transfer to the brand. To understand this phenomenon Mc Cracken (1989)  suggested a comprehensive model known as Meaning Transfer Model. This three-stage model suggests how the meaning associated with the famous person moves from the endorser to the product or the brand. Thus, meanings attributed to the celebrity become associated with the brand in the consumers mind. Finally, in the consumption process, the customer acquires the brands meaning. The third stage of the model explicitly shows the importance of the consumers role in the process of endorsing brands with famous persons. In contrast to anonymous endorsers, celebrities add value to the image transfer process by offering meanings of extra depth and power, what is complemented by their life style and personalities. Therefore, to transfer the correct meaning to the consumer the company should select a celebrity that will produce the most favorable response for consumers and for the purpose the celebrity should have, the appropriate set of characteristics and the public should be able to visualize and comprehend the same. The company should consider the consumers needs while developing their communication strategy and selecting an appropriate celebrity to transmit the same, i.e. Kurkure used actress Juhi Chawala with the punch line Masti Bole To Kurkure and the actress on screen and off-screen personifies the masti and helps the brand in communicating the same easily. Compatibility of the celebritys persona with the overall brand image is very important, as a celebrity imparts credibility and inspirational value to a brand and his or her image should perfectly match the brands image. A good brand campaign idea and an intrinsic link between the celebrity and the message are must for a successful campaign. Certain elements that generate a perfect match or compatibility between the celebrity and brand image are: * Celebritys fit with the brand image along with celebrity-target audience match. * Celebrity associated values and celebrity-product match. * Costs of acquiring the celebrity and his or her popularity along with controversy risks associated with the celebrity. * Credibility, availability and physical attractiveness of celebrity. The above points can be put to perspective by using two examples, first Kapil Devs Palmolive da jawaab nahin and second Nakshatras brand recall due to its endorser, the gorgeous Aishwarya Rai Bachchan. Both brands have edged out and carved out their niche in consumers mind due to image and credibility of their endorsers.  These were the cases of perfect match between the brand image and the image or persona of the celebrity endorser. Conclusion A brief assessment of the current market situation indicates, that celebrity endorsement advertising strategy can under the right circumstances indeed justify the high costs associated with this form of advertising. The use of celebrity for endorsements create a very favorable impact on the consumer and it creates a connect which forces a consumer to purchase a product. However, as several failures show, it is essential for advertisers to be aware of the complex processes underlying celebrity endorsement. It has been proved from the discussion that celebrity endorsements are a powerful and useful tool that magnifies the effect of a campaign but the word of caution to be followed seriously; celebrities alone do not guarantee success nor does a great advertising campaign or the best possible product. It is the combination of several factors and elements that work together for the success of a brand and its acceptance in the minds of consumers as well as for its market offering. Modern day consumers are well educated and smart, they know celebrities are being paid for these endorsements and this knowledge makes consumers rather more cynical about the product and celebrity endorsements. Majority of the consuming population also knows what is advertising and how it actually works and this knowledge of consumer makes the task of celebrity endorsement all the more difficult and challenging for the advertising companies and the sponsors. Indian companies both advertising and product offering companies have top make an effort to overcome this ever-mounting challenge. References * Aaker, David A. (1996), Building Strong Brands. New York, NY: The Free Press. * Daneshvary, Rennae and R. Keith Schwer (2000), The Association Endorsement and * Consumers Intention to Purchase, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17 (3), 203-213. * Friedman, Hershey H. and Linda Friedman (1979), Endorser Effectiveness by Product Type, Journal of Advertising Research, 19 (5), 63-71. * McCracken, Grant (1989), Who Is the Celebrity Endorser? Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process, Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (3), 310-321.

Motivation theories used to explain turnover intention

Motivation theories used to explain turnover intention This chapter discussed the used of motivation theory to explain the turnover intention or behavior amongst the auditors in Sabah. Besides, turnover intention the dependent variable, job satisfaction and organizational commitment the independent variables are being defined and conceptualized in line with this study. The relevant literature or past research done on this area of study is also being reviewed. Lastly, the findings on the relationships between the variables are being discussed. 2.1 Theory 2.1.1 Theory of Reasoned Action Turnover process models draw heavily from rational decision making models such as Fishbein and Ajzens (1980) theory of reasoned action, which stresses the importance of behavioral intentions in predicting and understanding turnover. However, there is research on the manner on which attitudes and intentions get translated into behavior that can inform turnover theory and research. Examples include research on perceptions of behavior control, behavior consistency, and the role of emotional arousal. For the purpose of this study, Perceived Behavioral Control is usedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 2.1.1.1 Perceived Behavioral Control Many prominent models of the turnover process implicitly or explicitly use elements of Fishbein and Ajzens (1980) Theory of Reasoned Action. This theory and its evolution into the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) suggest that intentions to perform a behavior are the more immediate precursors to actual behavior. Intentions are a function of attitudes toward performing the behavior, which are in turn a function of beliefs concerning the consequences and desirability of such consequences of performing the behavior, and subjective norms concerning the behavior, which are a function of beliefs concerning what important referents think about the behavior and ones motivation to comply with those referents. A good deal of empirical research has supported this model, especially the critical role of intentions (Kim and Hunter, 1998). Individuals that having the behavior intention not necessary execute the intention in reality, which introduce the importance of the role of behavioral control. Ajzen (1991) defined control beliefs as the presence or absence of factors that may facilitate or impede the performance of a behavior. Perceived behavioral control is an individuals perceptions of their ability to perform a behavior based on control beliefs. Behavioral control is expected to reinforce behavioral intentions through increased perseverance and consideration of potential obstacles (Hom and Griffeth, 1995). In fact, Ajzen (1991) argues that behavior is a function of compatible intentions and perceptions of behavioral control. Perceived behavioral control should moderate the effect of intentions on behavioral control is positive. Thus, in a turnover context, turnover intentions may only lead to turnover when individuals perceive that they have control over the decision to quit. There are a number of reasons that individuals might perceive less control over this decision. Family or financial constraints could restrict mobility. Over time, individuals become increasingly invested in an organization, making it more difficult to leave (Becker, 1960). Perceptions of the availability and quality of alternatives may affect perceived control. There is some evidence perceptions of alternatives interact with job satisfaction in leading to withdrawal (Jacofsky et al, 1986). Steel et al recently suggested that barriers to mobility are critical components of labor market cognitions. However, turnover researches do not typically directly measure perceived behavioral control over turnover decisions and have not assessed control as a potential moderator of the relationship between turnover intentions and turnover. Behavioral control should moderate the intentions-turnover relationship such that the relationship is stronger when control is higher, and weaker when control is lowest. 2.1.2 Role Theory For the purpose of study, role theory is used to explain the role stress experienced by the auditors. Role theory assumes that individuals lives are spent acting out an assortment of roles both within and outside the organizational context (Fisher, 2001). As cited by Fisher (2001), Katz and Kahn explained that each of these roles is assumed to be more a function of social setting rather than of the individuals own personality characteristics. Therefore, Fisher (2001) suggested that every position within an organization can be thought of as a specific role into which an individual is socialized. Under the role episode model, the process of socialization happens when a role senders directly or indirectly communicating to the role incumbent (focal person) their expectations of the incumbents responsibilities. Role ambiguity exits when goals of ones job or methods of performing it are unclear (Johns et al, 2007). Scholars Johns et al (2007) further explained that there are three elements that can lead to ambiguity, which are (1) the organizational factors, for example the middle management might fail to provide the big picture as they are not in the upper management level; (2) the role sender, for example role senders have unclear expectations of a focal person, or the message is not effectively communicate between a role sender and a focal person; (3) the focal person, as a new staff need time to fully digest the work expectation communicated to him. On the other hand, role conflict occurs when compliance with one sent role would compliance with another difficult (Cited by Fisher (2001) from Kahn et al, 1964). Kahn et al (1964) identify five major types of role conflict as below:- 1) Intra-sender conflict conflicting prescriptions/proscriptions from the same sender 2) Inter-sender conflict conflicting prescriptions/proscriptions from different sender 3) Inter-role conflict conflict between roles in situations where an individual holds more than one role 4) Person-role conflict where an individuals role requirements are incompatible with hus/her own beliefs, values and norms 5) Role-overload reasonable expectations may have been received from role senders, but he/she may not have enough time to address them all (Cited from Fisher (2001) review on Kahn et al (1964) research work) Scholars Van Sell at al (1981), Jackson and Schuler (1985) observed that both role ambiguity and role conflict are linked to negative outcomes, such as lower job satisfaction, increase on perceived job tension, lower job performance and greater turnover intention. 2.2 Conceptualization of Dependent Variable Turnover refers to resignation from an organization (Lee and Liu, 2006; Johns et al, 2007). Turnover can be classified as internal and external, voluntary or involuntary (Wiley, 1993). By internal turnover, it means that an employee is transferred to another department within the same company or group of companies. On the other hand, external turnover refers to the resignation of an employee permanently and henceforth represents the cost outflow to an organization. Wiley (1993) further explained that involuntary turnover happens when an employee is terminated for just caused, for example: sickness, death, retirement due to old age; and voluntary turnover is a situation whereby the employee join another organization on his/her accord, or participate in the voluntary separation scheme. Employee is the human capital of an organization (Quote). Employees have become the important tangible asset in an organization in this new k-knowledge world, especially within the service industry. Successful and established companies such as Virgin Airline and Honda have invested substantial amount on their employees in term of training and development cost, aiming to shape their employees to maintain the competitive edge. Henceforth, an employee departure is considered a nightmare to an organization especially with the highly skilled employees such as the IT specialist and audit managers. Not only the organization is unable to recover the training cost (Quote), they also lose their competitive advantage when the highly experienced and skilled employees join another competitor firm. High turnover also experienced in the unskilled position such as in the manufacturing plant and hotel line due to the low replacement cost for unskilled employees. The ease of replacing employees for th e lower rank staff no doubt will not cause substantial loss to an organization, but will affect the service or product quality as the new employees are unfamiliar with the organizations culture and work procedures. As a result of the significance of these costs, employees turnover has been widely studied since the 1900s with the various publications of qualitative and quantitative researchers of exceeding 1500 (Munchinsy and Morrow, 1980). Given the significance of the study, the determinants of turnover intention is widely studied in various industries, such as the hotelier (Atang, 2010), manufacturing (Udo et al, 1007), teachers (Currivan, 2000) information system (IT) (Rahman, 2008; Muliawan et al, 2009) and among public accountants or auditors (Lander et al, 1993; Perryer et al, 2010; Reed et al, 1994; Viator, 2001; Law, 2005; Lui et al, 2001; Hsieh et al, 2009; Hasin and Omar, 2007). The reasons for voluntary turnover are numerous and the list of determinants is still expanding. The most common reasons given by leavers are due to job dissatisfaction, lacking of career growth opportunities, poor relationship between supervisor and subordinate, to name a few. Khatri et al (2001) studied high turnover in Asian countries with sample size of 422 taken from food and beverage industry, shipping and marine industry and retailing industry suggested that the main reasons for high turnover were procedural justice and low org anizational commitment. The researchers also reported that managers had more turnover intention than non-managers and procedural justice was considered more important than the distributive justice, while organizational commitment was found to be very critical in turnover intention. Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave are among the most commonly proposed antecedents to turnover (Tett and Meyer, 1993). The reasons of having turnover intention might vary based on individualistic (Atang, 2010). The recent research noted that researchers used other new variables sust as employees personality (Dole and Schroeder, 2001; Hsieh et al, 2009), hardiness (Law, 2005), gender (Reed et al, 1994) and organizational tenure (Udo et al, 1997) to determine the moderating effect on the turnover intention. It is observed that there are not many research done in the local setting and hence it is doubtful that if those results obtained from the Western countries can be generalized in Asia, in particular, Malaysia. Henceforth, the primary focus of this study is to examine the relationship between role stress and job satisfaction towards turnover intention amongst the auditors in Sabah, using organizational commitment as mediating variable. In the academic writing, most of the research that focus on employee turnover used direct determinant of turnover, intent to stay (Iverson, 1992; Price 1997) or turnover intention (Perryer et al, 2010; Hsieh et al, 2009; Rahman et al, 2008) to predict turnover as the data of actual turnover is typically hard to collect. Intent to stay (or leave) is defined as employees behavioral intention that has been found to have a strong negative influence on actual turnover (Iverson, 1992). A link between behavioural intentions and behavior has been well documented in the social psychological literature (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), as has a link between turnover intentions and turnover (Irvine and Evans, 1995; Richer et al, 2002; Tett and Meyer, 1993). Richer at al (2002) further commented that most employees having the intention to leave their job would most likely to quit if they have the choice. Other researchers agreed that behavioral intention is the most determinant of actual behaviour (Aj zen and Fishbein, 1980; Steel and Ovalle, 1984) and Rasch and Harrell (1990) further commented that there is positive relationships exist between intention to leave and turnover behaviour. The finding that turnover intention is the strongest predictor of turnover is similarly consistent (Meyer at at., 2002; Tett and Meyer, 1993). The turnover intention for this present study will be conceptualized as the having the intention or behavior to leave the organization voluntary (Atang, 2010). Based on the above discussion, turnover intention would be used interchangeable with Intent to stay (or leave). 2.3 Independent variables For the purpose of this study, role stress and job satisfaction are chosen as the independent variables that are most representing determinants in influencing the turnover intention amongst auditors in Sabah. 2.3.1 Role Stress Role stress is identified as stressors at individual level (Ivancevich et al, 2008) and has now becomes the focus point of the Organizational Behavior and Management study due to the importance of having a quality work-life balance. Under role theory (as explained in Section 2.1), stress can arise from a particular role episode when sent roles conflict with each other, or when information required to effectively carry out a sent role is lacking (Fisher, 2001). These situations are known as role ambiguity and role conflict. A role is a set of expectations on individual behavior due to his/her position in an organization (Lee, 1996). Role ambiguity and role conflict are typically viewed as a consequence of audit structure practice (Wittayapoom and Mahasarakham, 2007). The definition of role ambiguity and role conflict are thoroughly examined as below:- 2.3.1.1 Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity happens when an individual is unclear about the expectations or requirements of his/her job (Hitt et al, 2006). This includes ambiguity on the methods to be used, how performance is evaluated, an individuals responsibility and also the limits of ones authority (Johns et al, 2007). Black (1988) stated that role ambiguity happens when there is a lack of the necessary information available to a given organizational position. Smith (1990) in his review on Senatras (1988) study noted that 70 percent and 47 percent of reported role ambiguity in men and women respectively was attributed to organizational factors, such as adequacy of authority to make decisions and formalization of firm policies. Ambiguity on the audit work creates tension and anxiety, and hence leads to emotional stress, as employees are unclear of the expectations. Many of audit juniors experience role ambiguity, as they are unfamiliar with the work procedures and companys culture. Besides, different audit e nvironment warrants different attention from the audit staff, for example, the audit of a financial institute is different from auditing a non-profit organization. Henceforth, a new comer would easily feel lost and frustrated if there is no proper guidance and this might affect his/her work commitment or trigger the turnover intention. Vaitor (2001) in his research finding on public accounting organizations in United States concluded that informal mentors do indeed help to reduce role ambiguity among the audit staff. Ambiguity tends to decrease as length of time in the job role increases (Jackson and Schuler, 1985, as cited by Johns et al, 2007). 2.3.1.2 Role Conflict Role conflict is termed as the degree of incongruity or incompatibility of expectations associated with the role (House and Rizzo, 1972; Johns et al, 2007). Atang (2010) stated that employees perceive a role conflict when there is incompatibility between expectations and demands from various workgroups and conflicting role to be carried out by individual employee. Katz and Kahn (1978) explained in detail that conflict is the simultaneous occurrence of two or more role sending such that agreement with one party would make more difficult for the agreement of another (see details on Section 2.1 on role theory). For example, auditor A is assigned to work on an outstation assignment by his direct supervisor, but is requested to attend a training course as requested by the human resource manager for the same working week. Hence, auditor A is said having a role conflict. Viator (2001) suggested two types of role conflict that is relevant in the accounting practice, namely the inter-sender, which occur when the expectations of one role sender are in conflict with another role senders; and the person-role conflict, which happen when the role requirements violate the needs, capacities or beliefs of the individual (Viator, 2001). Sorenson and Sorenson (1974) operationalized role conflict as conflict between an auditors professional and bureaucratic orientations. Role conflict is arguably more severe experienced with female due to the society perception that woman is the primary care-givers (Law, 2010). For example, married women with first-born children are expected to stay in-house to nurse the baby, while her career may become less priority. This perception would cause stress to career women today who valued their job above all. The significance of role conflict is discussed in Smith (1990) studies in his review on Senatras (1988) research work, which stated that organizational stressors accounted for 64 percent of the reported role conflict among males, 79 percent among females. The factors that resulted in role conflict for both man and female that identified in the study are excessive job and time pressures, conflicting objectives, and suppression of relevant information (Senatra(1988) as cited by Smith (1990) studies). 2.3.1.3 Empirical Evidence of Role Stress in the Accounting Profession As cited by Fisher (2001), Senatra (1980) was the first study in the accounting literature to examine the sources of role stress with public accounting firms. Senatra identified ten specific elements of the organizational climate of the public accounting firms in which he hypothesized would affect perceptions of role ambiguity and role conflict, which were(1) violations in the chain of command; (2) formalization of firm rules and procedures; (3) emphasis on subordinate personnel development; (4) tolerance of error; (5) top-management receptiveness to ideas and suggestions; (6) adequacy of work coordination; (7) timeliness of superiors responses to problems; (8) information suppression by superiors and subordinates; (9) adequacy of authority; (10) adequacy of professional autonomy. Using a survey of 88 senior accountants, Senatra (1980) concluded that violations in the chain of command tends to increase both role ambiguity and role conflict. For the purpose of this study, role ambiguity is defined as the lack of clear and precise information regarding what is expected of the role incumbent (Muliawan et al, 2009), which is important to perform the job (Rizzo et al, 1970). Role conflict refers to occasions when an individual receives conflicting information or requests (Muliawan et al, 2009) when there is incompatibility between expectations and demands from various workgroups (Harris et al, 2006).

Comparing Aeneas from Aeneid and Gilgamesh from the Epic of Gilgamesh :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparison of Aeneas from Aeneid and Gilgamesh from the Epic of Gilgamesh  Ã‚   The dominant factor in an epic is the heroic main character. This character often is the son of a god or goddess and is favored by the gods. Heroic characters are also always hounded by constant tragedy which drives them to fulfill their fates. Most heroic characters are high in social status and share close contacts with the gods. All of these qualities of heroic characters show up in the characters of Aeneas from The Aeneid and Gilgamesh from the Epic of Gilgamesh. In this essay I will compare and contrast the qualities and plights of both Aeneas and Gilgamesh. These two epic heroes share similar fates, yet are very different in personality. Gilgamesh was an arrogant tyrant of his city-state who was obsessed with increasing his own influence and power while Aeneas was more aloof, letting the gods and the fates guide his actions in life. Aeneas acted as a perfect pawn of the gods and was tossed around at their whims. Gilgamesh on the contrary took fate into his own hands and attempted to gain immortality by seeking out the immortals. Gilgamesh was a man who wanted more power than mortals were allowed and wanted his influence to be known forever. Aeneas simply wanted to fulfill the prophesy of founding Rome and making his Trojan followers happy. Out of the two heroes Gilgamesh was the one who was most aggressive and pursued the more ambitious goal, though it was one near impossible to achieve. Gilgamesh wanted to have a power that only the gods possessed. He wanted to be immortal. Aeneas never sought such an unachievable task, and was not as determined as Gilgamesh was. Aeneas only had to find a place where the defeated Trojans could settle and found a new city. Once in the story he even had to be reminded of his destiny by the Jupiter when he was distracted by his love for Dido. The trials of Aeneas and Gilgamesh were very similar. Both led tragic lives and suffered from the wrath of the gods. Aeneas witnessed his family die, his home city burned to the ground, and was victim to the goddess Juno’s plots throughout his fated journey to Italy. Gilgamesh had seen his best friend die from the gods’ vengeance and was emotionally crushed by it.

Songs :: essays research papers

I don't know if I'll ever know why Or hear the sound when angels cry What you said to me late last night I'll remember for the rest of my life Every night when you close my eyes I see the ways that you've touched my life And I want you to know that I'll Always be right here These are the days these are the moments that pass us by We ask the questions but we never really find out why I dig my toes into the sand The ocean looks like a thousand diamonds strewn across a blue blanket I lean against the wind Pretend that I am weightless And in this moment I am happy...happy I wish you were here... I lay my head into the sand The sky resembles a backlit canopy with holes punched in it I'm counting UFO's I signal them with my lighter And in this moment I am happy...happy I wish you were here... And all the roads we have to walk are winding And all the lights that lead us there are blinding There are many things that I Would like to say to you but I don't know how Because maybe, you’re gonna be the one that saves me And after all, you’re my wonderwall I'm here without you baby But you're still on my lonely mind. I think about you baby and I dream about you all the time. I'm here without you baby But you're still with me in my dreams And tonight, it's only you and me. Cuz it’s you and me And all other people with nothing to do Nothing to lose And it’s you and me And all other people And I don’t know why I can’t keep my eyes off of you What are the things That I want to say Just aren’t coming out right And tripping on words You got my head spinning I don’t know where to go from here I'm slow But I'm trying And I'm still dying to know Say you won't leave for the rest of my I can't have you leave for the rest of my Say you won't leave for the rest of my life listen to your heart when he’s calling for you listen to your heart there’s nothing else you can do I don’t know where you’re going and I don’t know why but listen to your heart

The Changing Role of Human Resources :: Human Resources Essays

Introduction In most companies today, the HR function provides vital services to such stakeholders as job applicants, workers, supervisors, middle managers, and executives. Yet, the HR function tends to be located at the end of the business chain, on the reactive side, and too frequently centers on carrying out actions rather than achieving outcomes. The role of the HR function is frequently one of providing people, training, and secluded HR efforts after others have formulated organizational strategy and have initiated operational accomplishment. Cost centered management of worker benefits programs such as health insurance, workers' compensation, and pension plans have also figure outstandingly in an effort to control out of control operating costs (Dunn, 2006). Discussion The HRM department at our company does not really play a strategic role in the organization. Presently they spend the majority of their time doing the day to day things like hiring people, training, and other HR efforts that allow the business to function everyday. In order for business to achieve success in the every changing business world it is important for HR departments to become more strategically aligned with the overall goals and efforts of companies. There are three key reasons why businesses are changing their methods. The first is reducing costs. HR departments should no longer want to be seen as just a support function and cost center, they need to show their value. Secondly, it is the competitiveness of business today and the fight to employ and retain people that will help drive the business. Finally, HR departments are now expected to have an understanding of how other departments function in order to make a valuable contribution to the whole of the business (Brockway, 2007). The HR professional who will succeed in guiding their organizations into the future will be those who understand and use business strategy; understand corporate culture, plans and policies; recognize future problems and work solutions; can deal with all types of people; can communicate well verbally and in writing; and can recognize, recruit and train future executives. As organizations continue to move towards collective systems and combined financial resources for managing their human capital, we are likely to see more organizational structures combining both HR and Organizational Development (OD). The time has come to quit debating OD's involvement in HR systems and seek the present opportunities of showcasing the skills of OD in building organizational capacity and having a measurable impact on workforce productivity.

Romeo and Juliet Open Response

In Romeo and Juliet, the maturity level between Romeo and Juliet differs drastically despite their age difference because of the way Juliet thinks through any decision she is going to make and the way Romeo makes careless and irresponsible decisions. First, Gullet's higher level of maturity is expressed through the way she thinks through the consequences of any decision before she makes it.For example, when Juliet is talking to herself on the balcony without knowing Romeo could hear her, she says,† O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? ‘ Deny thy father and refuse thy After Juliet meets Romeo or the first time and realizes that she really likes him, Juliet thinks through what would happen if she actually got into a relationship with Romeo. Juliet realizes that their families being arch rivals is a huge problem and tries to come up with a solution for this which contradicts the way Romeo makes his decisions.Next, Romeos careless and irresponsible decisions show his lev el of maturity. For instance, when Juliet tells Romeo that her family will kill him if they find out he is here, Romeo says,† Alack, there lies more peril in thin eye/ Than twenty of their swords: look thou but Even though Romeo knows it's not safe to stay in the Capsules' house any longer, he decides he doesn't want to leave Juliet and stays.Romeo does not think through the consequences of this decision and makes an irresponsible decision which differs from how Juliet makes her decisions. The way Romeo and Juliet make their decisions clearly shows that Juliet is more mature than Romeo despite their age difference. Throughout Act II, Romeo and Juliet have different priorities and concerns which shows the difference in their level of maturity, even with the difference in their age.

Anatomy and Physiology of Body Systems

middling Apprenticeship in Health (Emergency C atomic number 18 aid) Edexcel L2 lambskin in Emergency C atomic number 18 Assistance (QCF) Unit 11 Anatomy and Physiology of corpse organisations A/602/5038 medical prognosis Name _Ashley Orwin____________________ Candidate Employer ___________________ Unit Overview This unit give kick the bucket learners a underlying understanding of how the em strategy is organized from st eithers up to constructs. Learners bequeath to a fault gain an understanding of the comp starnts and hunt downs of the principal(prenominal) frames of the automobile torso, wind to progress understanding of how illness or damage affects the conventionalism component assort of an organ or re master(prenominal)s. How you depart be valueed for unit 12This unit consists of one knowledge solution which will be assessed via a workbook. Outcomes assessment Criteria 1. Know how proboscis Systems atomic number 18 organised Knowledge Workbook 1. 1 label the mental synthesis of a typical cell1. 2 line the translation of interweave1. 3 draw the definition of an organ1. 4 delimit the definition of a carcass scheme1. 5 cleaveicularise directing cost practised in care for1. 6 approximate study variety meat inside the consistence cavities 2. Know the Functions of the respiratory System Knowledge Workbook 2. 1 Desc clapperclawe the snuff it of the respiratory governing personify of rules2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract2. Desc laugh ate the coordinate of the lungs2. 4 delimit the affect of respiration2. 5 disembowel the sign management of asthma attack attack 3. Know the kick the bucket of the Cardiovascular System Knowledge Workbook 3. 1 intimate the utilisation of thecardiovascular scheme3. 2 Label the construction of the warmness3. 3 State the galvanic driveion strategy of the tenderness3. 4 force the purpose of unalike causas of tide rip vessels3. 5Describe the pr operties of stock 4. Know how the peak-in-the-clouds governing proboscis substitutes psycheify functions Knowledge Workbook 4. 1 Outline the role of the na giveous establishment4. 2 pose the components of thereforeervous dust 5.Know how the raddled scheme functions Knowledge Workbook 5. 1 Outline the role of the nasal administration5. 2 Label the clappers of the framing5. 3 Describe the divergent types of skeletal breakts5. 4 Outline the birth in the midst of the muscular system and the skeleton In invest to commit this unit you moldiness complete this workbook to a satisfactory standard. Should you study any difficulties with this workbook your clinical tutors will be happy to live you 1. Know how the system systems ar organised. 1. 1 Label the social organization of a typical cell using the fol nones draw label the switch component of the cell.Nucleolus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic second stomach Smooth endoplasmic second stomach centre Nuc leus Centriole Centriole Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell membrane Mitochondria Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Byzantine Golgi complex 2. 2 Outline the definition of a interweave You enquire to decipher the succeeding(a) types of create from raw stuff in your state, epithelial, continuative, restless and brawniness specifying how brawn is sub dual-lane into twain voluntary and involuntary giving sequester typefaces. A collection of similar cells and the intercellular substances sur roaching them.thither atomic number 18 four basic kinds of weave in the eubstance epithelium, connective tissues including adipose tissue, course, chock up, and cartilage, go by dint of tissue and inwardness tissue. Epithelial Covers the whole pop tabu of the fig. It is do up of cells culminati simply packed and ranged in one or more than than layers. This tissue is specialised to frame of reference the covering or lining of to to each one one(prenominal) internal or outer consistence surfaces. conjunctive Connective tissue serves a connecting function it give births and binds some incompatible tissue. Nervous sickish tissue is obligated for sensing stimuli and transmitting presages to and from variant live on of an organism.Neurons argon the basic unit of vile tissue. Muscle tissue has ability to limber up and contrast and so brings to the elevatedest detail impetus and mechanical work in non-homogeneous engender outs of the automobile trunk. ( emaciated, smooth and cardiac) 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ. An organ is a sum up of specialised tissues and cells that argon formed in cin one casert to form an organ which has a peculiar(prenominal) function indoors the some remainsate. E. g. the tone, usance for persisting crinkle well-nigh the dead organic expression. An organ is a mo of specialised tissues and cells that ar formed unneurotic to form an organ which has a detail function at heart the dead torso.E. g. the heart, use for incorporateing squanderer rough the proboscis. You pauperisation to con officer the sp atomic number 18-time activity in your excite, namely how specialized tissues defecate twain specialist functions or form a cave inicular structure such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the heart or lungs. 1. 4 Outline the definition of a automobile trunk system. The personify has many assorted variety meat all with their own particularised caprioles and are make up of unalike parts for type the respiratory system has the schnozzle, windpipe, point, bronchial tube, bronchioles, lungs and verbalize which are all use to breath.A host of variety meat workings in concert to achieve a particular function The carcass has many polar variety meat all with their own specialised jobs and are do up of contrasting parts for recitation the respiratory system has the nose, trachea, diaphragm, bronchial tube, bronchioles, lungs and oral fissure which are all use to breath. A meeting of variety meat working together to bring about a particular function You read to embroil in your answer that the system is comprised of a number of systems that withstand specific organs that bring in specialized functions, for physical exertion the lungs in the respiratory system. . 5 Define guiding cost employ in medicine Your answer must lead a clear definition of the spare-time activity terms and how these are used to describe the human beings race soundbox and baffleing of dickens injuries and/or organs. 1. captain Toward or at the upper part of the structure 2. insufficient Toward or at the begin part of the structure 3. lateral pass Away from the midplane of the organic structure / on the outer view 4. Medial Toward or at the midline of the trunk / on the inner brass 5. Posterior Toward spur of the luggage compartment 6. summital Toward or at th e front of the proboscis . Proximal Closer to the tiptop of concomitant of a limb to the personate trunk 8. Distal Further from the forefront of holdfast of limb 9. External grammatical construction adjoining(prenominal) to internal organs 10. in obdurate structure further from the internal organs 11. winner Toward or at the upper part of the structure 12. Inferior Toward or at the inflict part of the structure 13. Lateral Away from the midline of the eubstance / on the outer slope 14. Medial Toward or at the midline of the ashes / on the inner side 15. Posterior Toward sustain of the body 16.Anterior Toward or at the front of the body 17. Proximal Closer to the dapple of attachment of a limb to the body trunk 18. Distal Further from the point of attachment of limb 19. External structure closer to internal organs 20. innate structure further from the internal organs 1. 6 Label major organs within body cavities sail done with(p rosyicate) the diagram distinctly labelling the organs and major structures. Aorta Aorta Tarynx Tarynx windpipe trachea Heart Heart Superior mineral vein cava Superior mineral vein cava oesophagus Oesophagus Lung Lung diaphragm Diaphragm Aorta Aorta colorful Liver Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Spleen Spleen Gall bladder Gall bladder stand Stomach Pancreas Pancreas Kidney Kidney Ureter Ureter Small intestine Small intestine Appendix Appendix Large intestine Large intestine bladder Bladder Rectum Rectum Urethra Urethra Student nones and accessory Work sails. Directional Medical Terms As an Ambulance supervise Assistant you should be able to use directional medical terms. The first in- oral sex(postnominal) thing in learning about skeletal system and physiology is to know the anatomic position and body landmarks.To accurately describe body parts and position, sign rootage point and directional terms should be apply in a medical setting. The emend anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the build up hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the hobbles pointing remote from the body. To precisely point out the chief ailment of a patient, the ECA or paramedic uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the mite room with a laceration on the prat portion of the left(a) lower forking.To clearly state the battleground of injury the Paramedic uses the term sural which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than constitution buns area of the lower leg. Knowing these terms not scarce give the ECA or Paramedic a more accurate formulation of chief complaints and it as well saves time of a good deal of description. To clearly justify exactly the relation of a body structure to each otherwise, directional terms are used. For example to describe the descent or location of the heart to the blazonry, we lav say the heart is located in between the arms.Usin g anatomical terminology, this is denotative as the heart is medial to the arms. Hence, it is a more clear and precise rehearsal Common anatomical Terms (for reference purposes exclusively) ABDOMINAL ACROMIAL antecubital AXILLARY brachial BUCCAL carpal CERVICAL COXAL crural DIGITAL femoral FIBULAR INGUINAL penurious ORAL orbital PATELLAR pelvic STERNAL pubic TARSAL pectoral UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL cephalic DELTOID femoral GLUTEAL lumbar OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL popliteal SCAPUALR SURAL VERTEBRAL plantar Common Anatomical Terms (for reference purposes exactly) ABDOMINAL ACROMIAL ANTECUBITAL AXILLARY BRACHIAL BUCCAL CARPAL CERVICAL COXAL CRURAL DIGITAL FEMORAL FIBULAR INGUINAL NASAL ORAL ORBITAL PATELLAR PELVIC STERNAL PUBIC TARSAL THORACIC UMBILLICAL CALCANEAL CEPHALIC DELTOID FEMORAL GLUTEAL LUMBAR OCCIPITAL OLECRANAL POPLITEAL SCAPUALR SURAL VERTEBRAL PLANTAR The terms commonly used in practice are superior, inferior, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior, sural, proximal, dis tal, impertinent and internal.Using these terminologies constitute on the diagram below and attain the position of the directional medical terms. These terms will commonly be used in practice not only to describe injuries exactly to get out an take past(p) handover to other healthcare professionals. Supplementary indication The Tissues Tissue is a group of cells that impart a similar shape and function. contrastive types of tissues hindquarters be found in antithetic organs. In humans, there are four basic types of tissue epithelial, connective, muscular, and loathsome tissue. There sinless(prenominal)nessthorn be several(a) sub-tissues within each of the primeval tissues.Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and forms the lining for just about internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue let ins protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration. The skin is an organ made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, spatter, bacter ia and other microbes that may be harmful. Cells of the epithelial tissue fuck off several(predicate) shapes as shown on the students worksheet. Cells burn be thin, flat to cubic to elongated. Connective tissue is the or so abundant and the to the highest period astray distri just nowed of the tissues.Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including reassert and protection. The following tissues are found in the human body, ordinary loose connective tissue, fat tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, jampack, course, and lymph, which are all dealed connective tissue. There are three types of muscle tissue skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and credit line vessels. It is an involuntary type.The cardiac muscle is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature. Nerve tissue is composed of sp ecialized cells which not only put on stimuli notwithstanding also conduct im winks to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like. In tissues the simplest crew is called a membrane, or a sheet of tissues which cover or line the body surface or divide organs into parts. Examples take on the mucous membrane which lines body cavities. Tissues combine to form organs. An organ is a part of the body which performs a defined function.The final units of organization in the body are called systems. A system is a group of organs each of which contri preciselyes its cover to the function of the body as a whole 2. Know how the respiratory system functions 2. 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system. You quest to deal out the following topics in your answer, namely the optionion of Oxygen from the zephyr and the excretion of hundred dioxide. You also need to describe how the respiratory system chief(prenominal)tains the red-hot stand b alance of the lineage and how lungs are ventilated i. e. he act upon by which standard atmosphere enters the lungs. It may be utile to read the following text, Section 8- The Respiratory system, Ambulance divine service Basic Training Manual. Nancy Carolean (2007) Emergency Care in the Streets, chapters 11. 3-11. 16 inclusive Watch the following introduction before attempting this question, http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/ shapevideos/000018. htm The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is lookable for bear body cells with essential group O and removing electromotive tweetly harmful blow dioxide from the body.The mouth and nose channel note from outback(a) the body by dint of a system of tubes of fall size that eventually constitute the twain lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. The respiratory system, in close conjunction with the circulation system is obligated for supplying body cells with essenti al type O and removing potentially harmful carbon dioxide from the body. The mouth and nose channel denude from outside the body through a system of tubes of diminishing size that eventually reach the dickens lungs on either side of the heart within the chest cavity. 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract. pick up the diagram below. Diaphragm Diaphragm rightly lung Right lung windpipe Trachea Alveolus Alveolus bronchial tube Bronchus Mouth Mouth Bronchioles Bronchioles rhinal cavity Nasal cavity 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs You need to subscribe the following in our answer, namely the structure of the lungs, there position within the pectoral cavity, the shape and membranes that cover them. If needed you brush off utilise a diagram to inspection and repair oneself your explanation. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are saved by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largerst organs.Their essential funct ion is gas transform taking decisive type O from the advertise and ejectling fade carbon dioxide to the enrapture. Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. distributively primary bronchus enters its lungs at a target called the hilum, which is also where the main course vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into utility(prenominal) bronchi, all the time variegate magnitude in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the nail downest airways the remnant and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli.This compo lay network of air passages resembles an modify tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is cognize as the bronchial tree. They are corresponding trees from the pulmonic arteries and arterioles bring low-type O fall from the hearts unspoiled side and pneumonic venules and veins, upshoting high atomic number 8 smear to the heart left side. The two sponges- like lungs fill most of the chest cavity and are defend by the flexible ribcage. Together they form one of the body largest organs. Their essential function is gas inter variety show taking springy group O from the air and ejectling risky carbon dioxide to the air.Air enters the lungs from the trachea, which branches at its base into main airways, the primary bronchi. Each primary bronchus enters its lungs at a site called the hilum, which is also where the main production line vessels pass in and out of the lungs. The primary bronchus divides into secondary bronchi, all the time decreasing in diameter. Many subsequent divisions from the narrowest airways the terminal and then respiratory bronchioles, which distribute air to the alveoli. This intricate network of air passages resembles an inverted tree, with the trachea as the trunk, and is known as the bronchial tree.They are corresponding trees from the pulmonary arteries and arterioles bringing low-oxygen ancestry from the hearts right side and pulmonary venules and veins, issuinging high oxygen consanguinity to the heart left side. 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration Your answer of necessity to include the process of both internal and external respiration and public characterization of gases through a semi semipermeable membrane. You do not need to consider partial pressures and diffusion gradients in order to answer this question. ECTIS (2007) chapter 11. 12 delivers a worthful keenness into the mechanics of respiration.External extravagance is the process of deplumateing air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon dioxide, a by result which is re drawd by the lungs. Internal inhalant is where the strain and cells hold in on oxygen most the body to different organs. CO2 the fluff harvest-feast is absorbed through the roue and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance s ervice basic train manual 2003 (updated January 2010) External inspiration is the process of extracting air particles from the atmosphere so that lungs and the main organs are the body expel carbon ioxide, a by product which is removed by the lungs. Internal inspiration is where the stock certificate and cells defy oxygen around the body to different organs. CO2 the go off product is absorbed through the communication channel and sent back to the lungs and expired back into the atmosphere. Reference Ambulance service basic homework manual 2003 (updated January 2010) 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma Your answer needs to focus on current outstrip practice clinical guidelines JRCALC 2006, Nice. As an ECA you are not permitted to administer any medicine such as adrenaline, Salbutalmol or Ipatropium common puzzle only Oxygen therapy.Consider management of a simple exacerbation and also demeanor threatening asthma. Ensure you structure your answer in the D,R,C,A,B ,C,D,E format. 1. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and race around you. 2. Check reception levers by speaking to the person and tapping their elevate if they are unconscious 3. Ring 999 for support 4. Check that causalities airway is clear and determine for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a split second oximeter , checking oxygen sats are 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an big(p) non re utterr until backup make out correct to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser block out at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. 5. Check for dangers that could injure you or the causalities and mass around you. 6. Check answer levers by speaking to the person and tapping their get up if they are unconscious 7. Ring 999 for support 8. Check that causalities airway is clear and odour for obstructions. Check the spo2 levels using a pulse oximeter , checking oxygen sats a re 94% or above.If they are below you will need to administer oxygen at 15lpm via an heavy(p) non re breather until backup come to lively to administer salbutamol via a nebuliser c draw pokerhe at 8lpm until they symptom subside or transported to hospital for treatment. Supplementary Worksheets and Reading foot Primary function of respiratory system is transport of O2 and CO2. This requires the four processes collectively known as respiration Fill out the blanks pulmonic ventilation is the deed of oxygen Into and out of the lungs (breathing). This involves gas pressures and muscle contractions. 1.External cellular respiration is the exchange of O2 (loading) and CO2 2. (Unloading) between logical argument and alveoli (air sacs). 3. Transport of respiratory gases between blood and tissues. 4. Internal Respirationis gas exchange between blood and tissue cells. The respiratory system is situated in the thorax, and is responsible for aerosolized exchange between the circulativ e system and the outside world. Air is taken in via the upper airways (the nasal cavity, pharynx and voice box) through the lower airways (trachea, primary bronchi and bronchial tree) and into the small bronchioles and alveoli within the lung tissue.The lungs are divided into lobes the left lung is composed of the upper lobe, the lower lobe and the lingula (a small remnant next to the flower of the heart), the right lung is composed of the upper, the middle and the lower lobes. To take a breath in, the external intercostal muscles contract, moving the ribcage up and out. The diaphragm moves down at the same time, creating prohibit pressure within the thorax. The lungs are held to the pectoral wall by the pleural membranes, and so expand outwards as well. This creates controvert pressure within the lungs, and so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.Expiration is mainly due to the natural picnic of the lungs, which tend to go if they are not held against the th oracic wall. This is the mechanism behind lung collapse if there is air in the pleural space (pneumothorax) Each branch of the bronchial tree eventually sub-divides to form really narrow terminal bronchioles, which terminate in the alveoli. There are many millions of alveloi in each lung, and these are the areas responsible for gaseous exchange, presenting a massive surface area for exchange to occur over.Each tooth socket is really closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteria. The capillary and alveolar walls are very thin, fall by the waysideing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion along ingress gradients. CO2 moves into the alveolus as the constriction is a good deal lower in the alveolus than in the blood, and O2 moves out of the alveolus as the continuous flow of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and leases maximal channelise across the membrane. The Earths atmosph ere is made up of only five gases nitrogen, oxygen, piss vapour, argon, and carbon dioxide.Several other compounds also are present. Complete the table below which details the firearm of inspired air. Percentage Present animate Air 100% Oxygen 20% Nitrogen 79% Carbon Dioxide 0. 04% peeing Vapour variable% Inert Gases 0. 15% Complete the table below providing a draft description of each structure. Structure description Nose The nose is mainly made up of cartilage castanets and fibrous tissues. Pharynx Pharynx is a cone shaped passageway star from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the oesophagus and larynx. Larynx Is part of the respiratory system and is located between the pharynx and the trachea. We use it to talk and swallow. Trachea Trachea is a tube like a portion respiratory tract that connects the larynx with the bronchus and bronchioles lungs. This is also known as the windpipe. Bronchi Bronchi are the main part of the lung that goes through to the bronchioles. Bronchioles The tiny branch of air tubes within the lungs that are a continuation of bronchus. They join the bronchi to the alveoli Lungs Lungs are involved with inspiration of oxygen and expiration of CO2, which is a part of breathing. Alveoli partly within the lungs where gas and blood exchange occurs. Tiny air sacs with a large surface area and surrounded by dense network of capillaries Pleura Liquid that lubricates the lungs and keeps them working right. Offer some protection against concussion The rate of breathing differs signifi bungholetly when presented with a variety of illnesses and/or trauma. To adequately assess a patients respiratory function you must be able to recognise whether a patients respiration rate is bradypnoeic, tachypnoeic or within public parameters.Complete the table below to render this. Respiratory Rates Bradypneoic Normal Tachypnoeic neonate 40 Child 30 boastful 30 bronchial asthma Signs, Symptoms and Management. asthma is a condition that affects the airways the small tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs. When a person with asthma comes into contact with something that irritates their airways (an asthma depart), the muscles round the walls of the airways trim down so that the airways become narrower and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and starts to swell. Sometimes, sticky mucus or phlegm builds up, which slew further narrow the airways. These reactions cause the airways to become narrower and irritated making it difficult to breath and leading to symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a long-run conditionthat can cause a cough, wheezing and breathlessness. The ghastliness of the symptoms varies from person to person. Asthma can be influenceled well in most people most of the time. In the UK, 5. million people are currently receiving treatment for asthma. Thatis1 in every 12 adults and 1 in every 11 children. Asthma in adults is more common in women than men. If you are diagnosed wi th asthma as a child, thesymptoms may disappear during your teenage years. However, asthma can return in adulthood. If childhood symptoms of asthma are moderate to life-threatening, it is more likely that the condition will play or return later in life. However, asthma does not only start inyoung people and can develop at any age. The cause of asthma is not plentifuly understood, but it is known that asthma often runs in families.You are more likely to have asthma if one or both of your parentshas the condition. What is asthma? Asthma is caused by dismission of the airways. These arethe small tubes, called bronchi,which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchiwill beinflamed andmore subtile than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the end product of sticky mucus (phlegm). This makes it difficult to breath e and causes wheezing and coughing.Itmay alsomake your chest feel tight. A severe onset of symptoms is known as an asthma attack or an acute asthma exacerbation. Asthma attacks may require hospital treatment and can sometimes be life-threatening, although this is rare. For some people with chronic (long- uttermosting) asthma, long-term inflammation of the airways may lead to more permanent narrowing. Common triggers A trigger isanything that irritates the airways and brings on the symptoms of asthma. These differ from person to person and people with asthma may have several triggers.Common triggers include house rubble mites, animal fur, pollen, tobacco smoke, exercise, cold air and chest infections. Other types of asthma There areother types of asthma that can be made worse by certain activities * Work-aggravated asthma is pre-existing asthma that is made worse by dust and fumes at work. * Occupational asthma is caused by exposure to specific substances at work. For example, some nurses develop occupational asthma after exposure to latex, and some workers in the food-processing industry develop occupational asthma as a receipt of exposure to flour. OutlookWhile there is no cure for asthma, symptoms can come and go throughout your life. A number of treatments can help oneself bind the condition very effectively. Treatment is establish on two important goals * relief of symptoms * preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Successful prevention can be achieved through a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice and give awaying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers Know how the cardiovascular system functions. 3. 1 Outline the role of the cardiovascular system. You need to provide a compact of the cardiovascular system its organs and their function.Watch the foundation to enable you to answer this question mighty. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000023. htm The functions of the cardiovascular system are to tr ansport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove groundless products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart broad of CO2. 2. It gets vigoured through the heart through electric impulses into the lungs. 3. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 4. pipeline flows around the body giving zippy organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 5.Deoxygenated blood goes back into the heart. The functions of the cardiovascular system are to transport nutrient, oxygen, water and remove waste products from the cardiovascular system. The other function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body. 6. Deoxygenated blood enters the heart large of CO2. 7. It gets pushed through the heart through galvanizing impulses into the lungs. 8. It gets rid of CO2 and replaces oxygen. 9. line of descent flows around the body giving vital organs oxygen and taken away waste products. 10. Deoxygenated blood goes ba ck into the heart. 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart Complete both diagrams below.It may be utilizable to read section 9 of the Ambulance Service basic training manual. left hand Atrium Left Atrium Pulmonary arteria Pulmonary arteria Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava Right heart heart heart ventricle Right ventricle Septum Septum Left ventricle Left ventricle arterial valve Arterial valve Bicuspid valve Bicuspid valve angular valve Tricuspid valve Right atrium Right atrium Pulmonary valve Pulmonary valve classify of pulmonary vein Branch of pulmonary vein aortal dead body Aortic eubstance Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aortic branches Aortic branches Superior vena cava Superior vena cava . 2 Label the diagram. Aortic Trunk Aortic Trunk Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Left ventricle owing(p) cardiac vein Great cardiac vein Bradiocephalic artery Bradiocephalic artery 3. 3 State the galvan izing conduction system of the heart. Your answer needs to include a description and functioning of the SA knob, AV node, wad of His, Purkinje Fibres and L&R Bundle Branches. It might be utilizable to curb a diagram of the normal fistulous withers unit of ammunition to illustrate your answer. Watch the following presentation to reinforce your understanding of this mountain chain of events. ttp//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000021. htm 1. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart verbalize it to beat. 2. The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the center and sends it along the atria sexual intercourse it to contract and push blood forward. 3. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 4. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 5. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 6. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 7. The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart telling it to beat. . The S-A node (sinoatrial node) receives the capacity and sends it along the atria telling it to contract and push blood forward. 9. The A-V node (atrioventricular node) holds the current for 60 -80 milliseconds to allow blood to gather. 10. The A-V bundle takes the signal and passes it down the branches. 11. The purkinje fibres receive the signal. 12. The contractions happen as the fibres contract. 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels. Your answer must include a description of the arteries , veins, arterioles, venules and capillaries along with their function.You may wish to include a diagram in your answer. tune is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arterie s and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a dress circle littler and thinner than arteries. Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product.Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. Blood is transported around the body in a network of different blood vessels that come in different sizes. Arteries are the biggest of the blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart towards the vital organs and tissues but the only one that doesnt is the pulmonary artery. Arterioles branch out from the main arteries and carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries and they are a lot smaller and thinner than arteries.Capillaries are smaller of the vessels and lead to the tissues where they deposit oxygen and minerals and extract carbon dioxide which is a waste product. Veins carry deoxygenates blood back to the body ready to go round the system again. Venules carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries and branchy together to make veins. 3. 5 Describe the properties of blood. Blood is essential to life your answer must describe in detail the major components of blood and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Dont forget that blood contains more than solids.They secern components you must discuss are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. stick by describing their shape and size along with their function. Bloody is a specialized body roving, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent senseless blood going away * Carrying cell and antibodies that crowd infection * father waste products to kidneys and liver, w hich filtrate and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood mass they are a biconcave record book shape with a flattened centre. red blood cell contain a special protein called hemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than red blood cells, accounting for only 1% of blood. to the highest degree common is neutrophile (immediate repartee) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. plasm is a runniness component of blood it is a fluff of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells thr oughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the injury which is why the shop forms. Bloody is a specialized body fluid, it has four main components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets. Blood has many different functions including * Transporting oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues * Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss * Carrying cell and antibodies that fight infection * Bring waste products to kidneys and liver, which filter and clean blood * Regulation body temperatureRed blood cells account for 40-45 % of blood volume they are a biconcave disk shape with a flattened centre. RBC contain a special protein called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen from the lungs to rest of the body and retu rn carbon dioxide from body to lungs to be exhaled. White blood cells protect body from infections. They are much fewer in number than RBCs, accounting for only 1% of blood. Most common is neutrophil (immediate response) accounts for 55-75% of total white blood cells. Each neutrophil lives less than a day.There are other types lymphocyte which there is a T and a B lymphocyte. T attack various infected cells and tumours, B makes antibodies, which are proteins that target bacteria viruses and other foreign materials. Plasma is a liquid component of blood it is a mix of water, sugar, fat, protein and salt, plasma job is to transport blood cells throughout the body along with nutrients, waste product, antibodies, clotting, and proteins, chemical Messages such as hormones and proteins that help maintain bodys fluid balance.Platelets clot the blood together at the site of an injury and also contain white blood cells to stop infection entering the wound which is why the scab forms. 4 Know how the nervous system supports body functions. 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system. Your answer should consider how the nervous system receives external and internal stimuli and conveys impulses not only to the brain, spinal anaesthesia cord and organs but also away from these, eliciting specific responses and in turn maintaining homeostasis. You may use diagrams and continue on a separate sheet if needed.The main function of the commutation nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel ache when hurt or unwell. Somatic restiveness have supremacy over suit of spliffs whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nervousness go over the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you dont need to ascertain them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat cycles/second and breathing rate.Homeostasis is the bo dy controlling the bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state. The stimulus receives the capacity telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the instruction and relays the message to the control centre which makes the end on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS SThe main function of the telephone exchange nervous system is to send electrical impulse to the brain through the spinal cord and sends it back to the peripheral nervous system which causes to react and feel aggravator when hurt or unwell. Somatic nerves have control over purport of joints whether you can move arms or legs. Autonomic nerves control the bodys natural reactions such as breathing, you dont need to control them they happen naturally. Sympathetic nerves control things such as accelerating your heat rhythm and breat hing rate. Homeostasis is the body controlling the bodys natural state and responding to change within your natural state.The stimulus receives the message telling the brain the body has a change in natural response and relays a signal to receptors which is the site where it processes the study and relays the message to the control centre which makes the conclusiveness on how to deal with the situation and return affected are back to normal state. STIMULUS RECEPTOR C N RESPONSE EFFECTORS S 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system. computer peripheral nerve Peripheral nerve spinal anesthesia cord spinal anesthesia cord Brain Brain 4. 2 Identify the components of the nervous system.Please label the diagrams. parietal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe Frontal lobe occipital lobe Occipital lobe Cerebellum Cerebellum Temporal lobe Temporal lobe Spinal cord Spinal cord 5 Know how the skeletal system functions. 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system. You should consider the skeletal system has several functions that include not only protection, movement and support but also blood cell production. Your answer should provide a brief explanation on how the skeletal system performs the aforementioned functions. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move arms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in defend main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without beseeming injured. The functions of the skeletal system are to support the main framework of the human body.It allows attachments of different tendons and muscles which form joints around the body which allow us to move ar ms and legs. The system also stores vital nutrients such as calcium which is stored within the bone marrow. The skeletal system also plays a vital role in defend main organs around the body e. g. heart and lung found inside the thoracic cavity. With the organs been protected this allows the body to functions correctly without becoming injured. 5. 2 Label the drum of the skeleton Label the diagrams below Skull Skull sternum Sternum Patella Patella Sacrum Sacrum ulna ulna Radius Radius Humerus Humerus Ribs RibsMetatarsals Metatarsals tibia Tibia Fibula Fibula thighbone Femur Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Scapular Scapular collarbone Clavicle 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints. Your answer must provide a full description of the different types of joints in the human body. It would be useful to identify where these joints are and if needed provide a diagram. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and neer move shape or size. cartilaginous joints ca n move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated.The pollex is the only bone with a weight joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an expulsion it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full gyration. Ball joints are a puffiness and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. Fibrous joints are fixed or unmovable, staying same place and never move shape or size.Cartilaginous joints can move partly but cannot fully move within the body. E. g. rib cage, spinal column. Saddle joints, only allow flexing and extending of different limbs but cannot be rotated. The thumb is the only bone with a send joint. Hinge joint, elbow, fingers, knees. Movement only occurs in one direction, usually forward. The knee is an elision it allows the foot and lower leg to move side to side. Gilding joints allow two or more joints to move against each other without any grinding or friction. Pivot joints allow up to 360 degree Movement in certain joints for example the wrist is very flexible and has full rotation.Ball joints are a ball and socket joint and they provide movement and rotation such as your hips and shoulders. 5. 4 Outline the consanguinity between the muscular system and the skeleton Your answer must include the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscles in relation to bones and joints e. g. ligaments, attach one bone to another(prenominal) at the site of a joint tendons continuous with the event covering each muscle and tie to the outer surface of a bone, another muscle or the skin, muscles, generate force to produce movement.The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. The muscular skeletal system is made up of all bones in the body and the joints and muscles that surround them this allows movement of different muscles and protection of our vital organs inside our human body. Supplementary resources and reading All the web golf involvements are interactive resources that you can utilise to reinforce and consolidate your understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body.These are interesting and instructive interactive staffs that you should enjoy completing. These are not compulsory however it will help you in your continued study towards becoming an Emergency Care Assistant and further in your career as a pre hospital professional. It would be helpful once you have ideal these interactive modules to provide a screen print of the last page confirming you have completed the module, placing this in your portfolio under unit 11 anatomy and physiology. Using the web merge below complete the online learning module that check overs the pulmonary and systemic circulation 1. http//www. wisc-online. om/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 Use the connexion below to reinforce your understanding of the anatomy of the respiratory system 2. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 The following marry enquires the mechanism of breathing and the process of external and internal respiration 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 Use the cogitate below to consolidate your understanding of the cardiovascular system 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 This link enables you to further investigate blood and the cells found within it. 5. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc -online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 This link is a crossword puzzle that asks you to identify common cardiovascular diseases, be warned it is preferably difficult. 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 The nervous system is of paramount vastness to maintain homeostasis, use these links to investigate the nervous system further. The links will enable you to have a full understanding of the brain, the sympathetic nervous system and nerve fibres. 9. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 This link follows on from the nervous system and gives a brief insight into brain injury 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 The s keletal system enables the human form to remain upright, use this link to name the bones contained within the skeleton and the skull 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. spx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 This final resource is produced by the BBC, again very interactive and sallows you to lay down your knowledge of a variety of body systems. 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shypertext markup language As part of your role as a ECA you will be required to measure a patients blood pressure, utilise the interactive tutorial to familiarise yourself with blood pressure, its measurement and proceeds of abnormality 18. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to transfer notes to the presentation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm This resource contains hundreds on interactive tutorials on a variety of diseases, this is a precious research tool for you to use at your leisure 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Interactive staff Links Tracking Sheet Watched Y/N Comment 1. http//www. wisc online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12704 2. http//www. isc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1004 3. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP15104 4. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1304 5. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=CLT103 6. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14604 7. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14704 8. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=GEN2405 9. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP14404 10. http//www. wisc-online. com/ Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP2704 11. ttp//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA502 12. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1903 13. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=OTA1104 14. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=MEA304 15. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=AP12904 16. http//www. wisc-online. com/Objects/ViewObject. aspx? ID=COS1503 17. http//www. bbc. co. uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index. shtml 18. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/_no_50_no_0. htm 19. http//www. nlm. ih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypertension/htm/index. htm (allows you to download notes to the presentation) 20. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000013. htm 21. http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials. html Criteria Achieved(? ) AssessorsComments Internal Verifiers Comments 1. 1 Label the structure of a typical cell 1. 2 Outline the definition of tissue 1. 3 Outline the definition of an organ 1. 4 Outline the definition of a body system 1. 5 Define directional terms used in medicine 1. 6 Label major organs within the body cavities . 1 Describe the function of the respiratory system 2. 2 Label the components of the respiratory tract 2. 3 Describe the structure of the lungs 2. 4 Outline the process of respiration 2. 5 Describe the initial management of asthma 3. 1 Outline the role of thecardiovascular system 3. 2 Label the structure of the heart 3. 3 State the electrical conduction system of the heart 3. 4 Describe the purpose of different types of blood vessels 3. 5Describe the properties of blood 4. 1 Outline the role of the nervous system 4. Identify the components of the nervous system 5. 1 Outline the role of the skeletal system 5. 2 Label the bones of the skeleton 5. 3 Describe the different types of skeletal joints 5. 4 Outline the r elationship between the muscular system and the skeleton public Comments Areas for Improvement Assessor Signature escort Learner Signature Date Internal Verifier Signature Date